“…Among a continually growing body of evidence, various prenatal exercise interventions are associated with improved pregnancy outcomes such as normalized birth weight, labor duration (Bell & Palma, 2000; Clapp, 1996a; Davenport, Kathol, et al, 2019; Juhl et al, 2008; Kramer, 2002; Penttinen & Erkkola, 2007; Schlüssel et al, 2008; Schramm et al, 1996; Sternfeld, 1997) and normal childhood growth and development (Bell & Palma, 2000; Clapp, 1996b; Clapp, Simonian, et al, 1999; McMillan et al, 2019); similarly, exercise during pregnancy is associated with improvements in maternal health markers such as weight gain during (Dempsey et al, 2005; Gascoigne et al, 2023) and after pregnancy (Clapp, 2008). Prenatal exercise also reduces labor duration (Beckmann & Beckmann, 1990; Botkin & Driscoll, 1991; Salvesen & Mørkved, 2004; Veisy et al, 2021), pain, the acute stress in delivery (Varrassi et al, 1989) and is associated with improved pregnancy outcomes (Clapp & Dickstein, 1984; Gascoigne et al, 2023; Jarrett & Spellacy, 1983; Latka et al, 1999; Lokey et al, 1991; Schlüssel et al, 2008; Wolfe, Brenner, & Mottola, 1994). Prenatal exercisers also tend to undergo fewer delayed or operative deliveries (Bungum et al, 2000; Clapp, 1990; Davenport, Ruchat, et al, 2019; McDonald et al, 2022; Salvesen & Mørkved, 2004; Veisy et al, 2021).…”