Physical activity and strength of the femoral neck during the adolescent growth spurt: A longitudinal analysis

Forwood, Mark R.; Baxter‐Jones, Adam; Beck, Thomas; Mirwald, Robert L.; Howard, Alf

doi:10.1016/j.bone.2005.09.021

Cited by 66 publications

(53 citation statements)

References 42 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…This finding of a residual effect of physical activity after controlling for lean mass in boys is in contrast to a recent paper by the Saskatchewan Paediatric Bone and Mineral Accrual Study investigators [10]. The Saskatchewan investigators reported non-significant effects of physical activity on CSA and Z when total body lean mass or leg lean mass was included in regression models [10]. The difference between our study results and the Saskatchewan study results may be due to differences in subject ages since we studied children and the Saskatchewan cohort was primarily adolescents.…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

“…Our results suggest that lean mass may mediate the relationship between physical activity and FN bone structure measures in girls, but it does not fully explain the physical activity effect on these same measures in boys. This finding of a residual effect of physical activity after controlling for lean mass in boys is in contrast to a recent paper by the Saskatchewan Paediatric Bone and Mineral Accrual Study investigators [10]. The Saskatchewan investigators reported non-significant effects of physical activity on CSA and Z when total body lean mass or leg lean mass was included in regression models [10].…”

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Physical activity and femoral neck bone strength during childhood: The Iowa Bone Development Study

Janz

Gilmore

Levy

et al. 2007

Bone

Self Cite

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Structural adaptations of bone to changing mechanical loads have recently been documented during adolescence. However, little is known about how bone adapts structurally during the earlier years. Using a longitudinal observational design spanning six years of growth (age range 4 to 12 yr), we investigated associations between everyday physical activity and hip geometry in a cohort of healthy Midwestern children (n = 468). Femoral neck (FN) cross sectional area (CSA, cm 2 ) and FN section modulus (Z, cm 3 ) were used to describe hip geometry. CSA and Z, indices of axial and bending strength, were assessed using dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scans and the Hip Structure Analysis (HSA) program. Moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) was assessed using accelerometry-based activity monitors and calculated as the number of minutes ≥ 3,000 accelerometry movement counts. Data were analyzed using multilevel (random-and fixed-effects) regression models with adjustment for age (yr), height (cm), and weight (kg) or lean mass (kg). For boys and girls, MVPA was a positive independent predictor of CSA and Z (p < 0.05). On average, children who participated in 40 minutes of MVPA per day would be expected to have 3 to 5% greater CSA and Z than peers participating in 10 minutes of MVPA per day. Ten-minute increases in daily MVPA had similar effects on CSA in girls and Z in boys as did each additional 1 kg of body weight. When lean mass was substituted for weight, MVPA continued to be a positive independent predictor of CSA and Z for boys, but not girls. This study demonstrates that everyday amounts of physical activity in children are associated with indices of FN bone strength during childhood. Differences in lean mass mediate associations between physical activity and hip geometry in girls, but only somewhat in boys. These results suggest that physical activity is an important contributor to bone strength prior to adolescence and that increasing levels of physical activity during childhood are likely to enhance optimal bone strength.

show abstract

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussioncontrasting

confidence: 85%

Physical activity and femoral neck bone strength during childhood: The Iowa Bone Development Study

Janz

Gilmore

Levy

et al. 2007

Bone

Self Cite

103

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The positive association between children's bone mass and PA has been reported in cross-sectional [17,36], longitudinal [17,37], and intervention (for review see [38]) studies. These results support the current view that exercise is an important determinant of bone mass not only in adult athletes, but also in normal children.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Weight-bearing bones are more sensitive to physical exercise in boys than in girls during pre- and early puberty: a cross-sectional study

et al. 2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Summary We carried out a cross-section study of the sexspecific relationship between bone mineral content and physical activity at sites with different loading in pre-and early pubertal girls and boys. There was significant sensitivity of bone mineral content of the hip to physical exercise in boys, but not in girls. Background Since little is known whether there are sex differences in sensitivity of bone to loading, we investigated sex differences in the cross-sectional association between measures of physical activity (PA) and bone mass and size in pre-and early pubertal children of both sexes.Methods We measured bone mineral content/density (BMC/BMD) and fat-free mass (FFM) in 269 6-to 13-year-old children from randomly selected schools by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry. Physical activity (PA) was measured by accelerometers and lower extremity strength by a jump-and-reach test. Results Boys (n=128) had higher hip and total body BMC and BMD, higher FFM, higher muscle strength and were more physically active than girls (n=141). Total hip BMC was positively associated with time spent in total and vigorous PA in boys (r=0.20-0.33, p<0.01), but not in girls (r=0.02-0.04, p = ns), even after adjusting for FFM and strength. While boys and girls in the lowest tertile of vigorous PA (22 min/day) did not differ in hip BMC (15.62 vs 15.52 g), boys in the highest tertile (72 min/day) had significantly higher values than the corresponding girls (16.84 vs 15.71 g, p<0.05). Conclusions Sex differences in BMC during pre-and early puberty may be related to a different sensitivity of bone to physical loading, irrespective of muscle mass.

show abstract

“…Other positive effects of PA are also present on bone mass, self-esteem, behavior, social relations and lifestyle of the child, thus contributing to the overall efficacy of treatment. 21,130,131 Regarding possible side effects of PA, they are clearly related to obesity status, intensity, duration and type of exercise, and hormones directed influenced by exercise (that is, growth hormone insulin-like growth factor 1 axis hormones and neuroadrenergic hormones). [132][133] However, the observed hormonal changes could be more speculative and influenced by the obesity status.…”

Section: Pa As a Drug: Its Use Effects And Limitsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity as the main therapeutic tool for metabolic syndrome in childhood

Brambilla¹,

Pozzobon

Pietrobelli

2010

Int J Obes

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Physical activity (PA) and diet directly influence obesity and metabolic syndrome (MS) as important determinants of body composition. Understanding how PA relates to MS in youth is of great importance, and could offer a common strategy for clinical and public health approaches to control this condition. The underlying disorder of MS is a condition of insulin resistance, and a strong relationship between PA level and insulin sensitivity is clearly ascertained. The type, duration, frequency and intensity of PA affect fuel metabolism, in particular carbohydrate and lipid oxidation. The possible modulation of metabolism because of increased fat oxidation by PA is the basis for both prevention and restoration of insulin resistance and MS in obese children. In daily clinical practice, diet followed by pharmacologic treatment are usually the approaches taken, whereas PA is often considered just a suggestion. Although diet and PA have different effects on body composition, with both contributing to fat loss, only PA increases muscle mass and thus has a direct effect on metabolic function, expressed by changes in cardiovascular risk factors. Therefore, it is important to remember their complementary but different targets in daily clinical practice, such as body weight control for diet and metabolic health for PA. In this review, we have summarized the literature on the relationship between PA and MS in pediatrics. Then, we have analyzed the possibility of using PA for MS treatment, as an alternative to drugs, by discussing the results of intervention studies, reasons for low compliance to PA, related benefits, adherence difficulties and costs. Finally, we have tried to suggest recommendations for a multiple-step PA strategy in children and adolescents at risk for MS, by considering PA as the 'key' player in treatment.

show abstract

Physical activity and strength of the femoral neck during the adolescent growth spurt: A longitudinal analysis

Cited by 66 publications

References 42 publications

Physical activity and femoral neck bone strength during childhood: The Iowa Bone Development Study

Physical activity and femoral neck bone strength during childhood: The Iowa Bone Development Study

Weight-bearing bones are more sensitive to physical exercise in boys than in girls during pre- and early puberty: a cross-sectional study

Physical activity as the main therapeutic tool for metabolic syndrome in childhood

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About