Physical Activity, Bone Remodelling and Bone Metabolism Markers

Abstract

Sedentary lifestyle is associated with detrimental health effects on bone. Risk of fracture and lower bone mineral density (BMD) are increased among people with lower physical activity level. The onset of osteoporosis does not occur immediately. Instead, it slowly progresses throughout the years. The ideal approach and easier way to prevent or delay the onset of osteoporosis should focus on changing one’s lifestyle by including higher amount of physical activity. Exercise or higher amount of physical activity helps to impose mechanical strain on the bone, and stimulate bone metabolism process. However, different exercise mode might impose different effect on bone metabolism. This review paper will focus on bone remodelling, bone formation and resorption markers, and effects of physical activity or exercise on bone metabolism markers. Keywords: Bone Health; Bone Metabolism; Physical Activity; Exercise;

The Bone Metabolic Response to a Period of High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise Along with Calcium and Vitamin D Consumption in Postmenopausal Women

“…On the one hand, it has been shown that ALP changes can demonstrate the bone formation process. Sahrir, in their review study, have shown that 32 weeks of aerobic exercise with a minimum 30-joule workload in a week was necessary to increase skeletal mass in rats (6). In order to better understand the results, it will be announced that two factors -extreme severity of exercise and Calcium consumption-have induced the progressive augmentation of this process, as it has been shown that Calcium consumption increases the speed of ALP activity (22).…”

“…They studied young men while our research was on older women. This difference between the two groups of participants will be justified considering their age average, as a bone reaction to exercise varies in different age ranges (6).…”

“…Mechanical signals are transmitted through the osteocytic network to the epithelial cells of the bone. They secrete paracrine agents such as prostaglandins and insulin-like growth factor, which results in the proliferation of osteoblast cells, resulting in the synthesis of bone matrix (6). The second is the direct effect of muscle mass, which influences mechanical receptors peripherally, and it is considered the last mechanism of indirect hormone effects (7).…”

The Impact of Plasma Membrane Ion Channels on Bone Remodeling in Response to Mechanical Stress, Oxidative Imbalance, and Acidosis

“…Moreover, bone formation and resorption allow for response to dynamic mechanical forces and also assist in functional and metabolic demands. Nevertheless, in some specific conditions, homeostasis at rest can be altered by physiological stimuli as observed during exercise and load, but also associated with pathologies such as aging-related osteoporosis, metabolic diseases, cancer, and therapeutic interventions [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Preliminary study of bone biomarkers in elite female ballet dancers

“…Micro-cracks can cause a stress reaction (e.g., oedema) or propagate and merge into a stress fracture (Burr et al, 1997;Donahue et al, 2000;Taylor & Lee, 2003;Wyon et al, 2014). The bone remodelling process which can repair damage by resorbing damaged bone tissue and forming new bone is stimulated by applied mechanical stress (Maïmoun & Sultan, 2011;Ooi & Sahrir, 2018).…”