Physical Activity, Brain Volume, and Dementia Risk: The Framingham Study

Tan, Zaldy S.; Spartano, Nicole L.; Beiser, Alexa; DeCarli, Charles; Auerbach, Sanford H.; Vasan, Ramachandran S.; Seshadri, Sudha

doi:10.1093/gerona/glw130

Cited by 135 publications

(171 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…In agreement with our cross-sectional data, there have been a few prospective studies indicating that higher objectively-measured PA and fitness are associated with less cognitive decline, impairment, and dementia/AD [23][24][25][26]. There is also a breadth of data suggesting that self-reported PA is associated with better cognitive outcomes [1,[6][7][8][9]. But randomized controlled trials of exercise interventions have been more inconsistent, possibly due to population differences, exercise protocol differences, and necessarily short follow-up times of lifestyle interventions [4], including a recent clinical trial reporting that participation in an MVPA intervention resulted in steeper cognitive decline in patients with dementia [27].…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

“…Third Generation (n 5 1845) Offspring (n 5 886) cognitive outcomes associated with PA in different studies suggests mechanisms influencing many cognitive domains [1,[6][7][8][9][23][24][25][26][28][29][30][31]. Dementia and AD share many of the same risk factors as CVD, such as DM, obesity, HTN, high cholesterol levels, and smoking [5]; therefore, it has been hypothesized that much of the effect of PA on brain health may be mediated by cardiometabolic factors.…”

Section: Categories or Continuous Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A number of longitudinal cohort studies have observed associations of low self-reported PA with cognitive decline, dementia, and AD [1,[6][7][8][9]. These studies used subjective PA methods that may introduce misclassification and obscure the true dose of PA that relates most favorably to cognition.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerometer‐determined physical activity and cognitive function in middle‐aged and older adults from two generations of the Framingham Heart Study

Demissie¹,

Himali

Dukes

et al. 2019

A&D Transl Res & Clin Interv

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Introduction Physical activity (PA) may play a role in maintenance of cognitive function in both middle and older ages and prevention of outcomes such as dementia and Alzheimer's disease. Methods Cross‐sectional regression analyses were performed in Framingham Heart Study Third Generation (n = 1861) and Offspring (n = 909) cohort participants assessing the association of accelerometry‐measured PA with cognitive function, adjusting for age, sex, accelerometer wear time, education, occupational status/PA, and smoking status. Results In each cohort, achieving just 10–21.4 min/day moderate‐to‐vigorous PA related to better executive function (P < .02); and just 10 min/day moderate‐to‐vigorous PA was associated with better verbal memory in middle‐aged adults in the Third Generation cohort (P = .02). In older adults of the Offspring cohort, total PA (measured in steps/day) was associated with better executive function (P < .02). Discussion PA at levels lower than the current PA Guidelines (just 10 min/day moderate‐to‐vigorous PA and total PA including lower intensity PA) were associated with better cognitive function.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 89%

Section: Categories or Continuous Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Accelerometer‐determined physical activity and cognitive function in middle‐aged and older adults from two generations of the Framingham Heart Study

Demissie¹,

Himali

Dukes

et al. 2019

A&D Transl Res & Clin Interv

Self Cite

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“…98 Building on the connection between heart health and brain health, researchers have found that factors that protect the heart may also protect the brain and reduce the risk of developing Alzheimer's or other dementias. Physical activity [115][116][117][118][119][120][121][122][123][124][125] appears to be one of these…”

Section: Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

2020

Alzheimer's & Dementia

2,038

653

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This article describes the public health impact of Alzheimer's disease (AD), including incidence and prevalence, mortality and morbidity, use and costs of care, and the overall impact on caregivers and society. The Special Report discusses the future challenges of meeting care demands for the growing number of people living with Alzheimer's dementia in the United States with a particular emphasis on primary care. By mid‐century, the number of Americans age 65 and older with Alzheimer's dementia may grow to 13.8 million. This represents a steep increase from the estimated 5.8 million Americans age 65 and older who have Alzheimer's dementia today. Official death certificates recorded 122,019 deaths from AD in 2018, the latest year for which data are available, making Alzheimer's the sixth leading cause of death in the United States and the fifth leading cause of death among Americans age 65 and older. Between 2000 and 2018, deaths resulting from stroke, HIV and heart disease decreased, whereas reported deaths from Alzheimer's increased 146.2%. In 2019, more than 16 million family members and other unpaid caregivers provided an estimated 18.6 billion hours of care to people with Alzheimer's or other dementias. This care is valued at nearly $244 billion, but its costs extend to family caregivers’ increased risk for emotional distress and negative mental and physical health outcomes. Average per‐person Medicare payments for services to beneficiaries age 65 and older with AD or other dementias are more than three times as great as payments for beneficiaries without these conditions, and Medicaid payments are more than 23 times as great. Total payments in 2020 for health care, long‐term care and hospice services for people age 65 and older with dementia are estimated to be $305 billion. As the population of Americans living with Alzheimer's dementia increases, the burden of caring for that population also increases. These challenges are exacerbated by a shortage of dementia care specialists, which places an increasing burden on primary care physicians (PCPs) to provide care for people living with dementia. Many PCPs feel underprepared and inadequately trained to handle dementia care responsibilities effectively. This report includes recommendations for maximizing quality care in the face of the shortage of specialists and training challenges in primary care.

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“…In the long term, rising levels of physical inactivity are expected to cause serious health problems [8]. For instance, sedentary behavior [9,10] and physical inactivity [11,12] are associated with worsened cognitive functions and a higher risk of neurodegenerative diseases (e.g., dementia) in the aging population [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22]. In order to avoid periods of prolonged physical inactivity and sedentary behavior (e.g., sedentism during office working day), it is advised to take physical activity breaks ( [23][24][25].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Contribution of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Understanding of the Effects of Acute Physical Exercise on Cognition

et al. 2020

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The fact that a single bout of acute physical exercise has a positive impact on cognition is well-established in the literature, but the neural correlates that underlie these cognitive improvements are not well understood. Here, the use of neuroimaging techniques, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), offers great potential, which is just starting to be recognized. This review aims at providing an overview of those studies that used fMRI to investigate the effects of acute physical exercises on cerebral hemodynamics and cognition. To this end, a systematic literature survey was conducted by two independent reviewers across five electronic databases. The search returned 668 studies, of which 14 studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed in this systematic review. Although the findings of the reviewed studies suggest that acute physical exercise (e.g., cycling) leads to profound changes in functional brain activation, the small number of available studies and the great variability in the study protocols limits the conclusions that can be drawn with certainty. In order to overcome these limitations, new, more well-designed trials are needed that (i) use a more rigorous study design, (ii) apply more sophisticated filter methods in fMRI data analysis, (iii) describe the applied processing steps of fMRI data analysis in more detail, and (iv) provide a more precise exercise prescription.Brain Sci. 2020, 10, 175 2 of 31 improve cognitive domains, such as attention and/or cognitive control substantially, albeit only transiently [30][31][32][33]. However, the underlying neurobiological mechanisms of these effects are not yet fully understood. In this regard, the use of neuroimaging methods offers great potential for acquiring a deeper understanding of physical exercise-induced changes in the neural correlates of cognition, such as changes in functional brain activation [33][34][35]. The most common methods used to investigate effects on functional brain activation are functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) [34] and electroencephalography (EEG) [36,37]; however, also functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has recently been applied in the context of acute physical exercise and cognition [38,39]. The strengths of fNIRS and EEG compared to fMRI are a higher temporal resolution, greater portability, and applicability in almost all cohorts (e.g., for individuals with metallic implants or claustrophobia) [34,40,41]. However, fNIRS and EEG have a limited spatial resolution and only allow for the evaluation of brain activation patterns in cortical areas [41][42][43]. In comparison to fNIRS and EEG, fMRI enables the assessment of brain activation changes in cortical and subcortical areas and offers a higher spatial resolution, which results in superior source localization [42][43][44]. Hence, fMRI is well suited to study the influence of acute physical exercise on subcortical structures, such as the hippocampus, which have a crucial role in cognitive processes (e.g., memory) [45][46][47][48][49...

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Physical Activity, Brain Volume, and Dementia Risk: The Framingham Study

Cited by 135 publications

References 38 publications

Accelerometer‐determined physical activity and cognitive function in middle‐aged and older adults from two generations of the Framingham Heart Study

Accelerometer‐determined physical activity and cognitive function in middle‐aged and older adults from two generations of the Framingham Heart Study

2020 Alzheimer's disease facts and figures

The Contribution of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging to the Understanding of the Effects of Acute Physical Exercise on Cognition

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