Physical Activity, Immune System, and the Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease

Fernandez, Dawn; Clemente, José C.; Giannarelli, Chiara

doi:10.3389/fphys.2018.00763

Cited by 25 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 133 publications

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“…Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been associated with increased risks of several malignancies, including breast and colorectal cancer 33 . Changes in gut microbiome composition and derived metabolic products have been found following endurance exercise training, with short-chain fatty acid concentrations increased in lean, but not obese subjects 34,35 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization analysis

Papadimitriou

Dimou

Tsilidis

et al. 2019

Preprint

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Physical activity has been associated with lower risks of breast and colorectal cancer in epidemiological studies; however, it is unknown if these associations are causal or confounded. In two-sample Mendelian randomization analyses, using summary genetic data from the UK Biobank and GWA consortia, we found that a one standard deviation increment in average acceleration was associated with lower risks of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR]: 0.59, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.42 to 0.84, P-value=0.003) and colorectal cancer (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.53 to 0.82, P-value=2*E -4 ). We found similar magnitude inverse associations by breast cancer subtype and by colorectal cancer anatomical site. Our results support a potentially causal relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower risks of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Based on these data, the promotion of physical activity is probably an effective strategy in the primary prevention of these commonly diagnosed cancers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Channing Division of Network Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA. 34 . Department of Preventive Medicine, USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization analysis

Papadimitriou

Dimou

Tsilidis

et al. 2019

Preprint

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Dysbiosis of the gut microbiome has been associated with increased risks of several malignancies, including breast and colorectal cancer 37 . Changes in gut microbiome composition and derived metabolic products have been found following endurance exercise training with short-chain fatty acid concentrations increased in lean, but not obese, subjects 38,39 . A fundamental assumption of MR is that the genetic variants do not influence the outcome via a different biological pathway from the exposure of interest (horizontal pleiotropy).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis

et al. 2020

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Physical activity has been associated with lower risks of breast and colorectal cancer in epidemiological studies; however, it is unknown if these associations are causal or confounded. In two-sample Mendelian randomisation analyses, using summary genetic data from the UK Biobank and GWA consortia, we found that a one standard deviation increment in average acceleration was associated with lower risks of breast cancer (odds ratio [OR]: 0.51, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.27 to 0.98, P-value = 0.04) and colorectal cancer (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.48 to 0.90, P-value = 0.01). We found similar magnitude inverse associations for estrogen positive (ER +ve) breast cancer and for colon cancer. Our results support a potentially causal relationship between higher physical activity levels and lower risks of breast cancer and colorectal cancer. Based on these data, the promotion of physical activity is probably an effective strategy in the primary prevention of these commonly diagnosed cancers.

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“…What accounts for the remaining 41% reduction in risk remains unclear, but it may be related to changes in systemic inflammation as well as favorable responses to acute inflammatory challenge. Indeed exercise has pervasive effects on immune cells—natural killer cells, neutrophils, monocytes, regulatory T cells, as well as the balance of T-cell types are all affected by exercise ( 139 ) and it promotes a healthy anti-inflammatory milieu ( 140 ). Nevertheless, how exercise affects inflammation and immunity and how these changes could account for the salubrious effects of exercise on cardiovascular disease risk and mortality are important questions that require additional careful investigations.…”

Section: Concluding Remarks and Remaining Questions To Be Addressedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise

Nystoriak

Bhatnagar

2018

Front. Cardiovasc. Med.

562

314

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It is widely accepted that regular physical activity is beneficial for cardiovascular health. Frequent exercise is robustly associated with a decrease in cardiovascular mortality as well as the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. Physically active individuals have lower blood pressure, higher insulin sensitivity, and a more favorable plasma lipoprotein profile. Animal models of exercise show that repeated physical activity suppresses atherogenesis and increases the availability of vasodilatory mediators such as nitric oxide. Exercise has also been found to have beneficial effects on the heart. Acutely, exercise increases cardiac output and blood pressure, but individuals adapted to exercise show lower resting heart rate and cardiac hypertrophy. Both cardiac and vascular changes have been linked to a variety of changes in tissue metabolism and signaling, although our understanding of the contribution of the underlying mechanisms remains incomplete. Even though moderate levels of exercise have been found to be consistently associated with a reduction in cardiovascular disease risk, there is evidence to suggest that continuously high levels of exercise (e.g., marathon running) could have detrimental effects on cardiovascular health. Nevertheless, a specific dose response relationship between the extent and duration of exercise and the reduction in cardiovascular disease risk and mortality remains unclear. Further studies are needed to identify the mechanisms that impart cardiovascular benefits of exercise in order to develop more effective exercise regimens, test the interaction of exercise with diet, and develop pharmacological interventions for those unwilling or unable to exercise.

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Physical Activity, Immune System, and the Microbiome in Cardiovascular Disease

Cited by 25 publications

References 133 publications

Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization analysis

Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: A Mendelian randomization analysis

Physical activity and risks of breast and colorectal cancer: a Mendelian randomisation analysis

Cardiovascular Effects and Benefits of Exercise

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