Physical activity levels and energy expenditure of 9-year-old – 12-year-old overweight and obese children

Abstract

The high occurrence of overweight and obesity amongst children is a disturbing health problem worldwide. Possible causes of increasing childhood obesity are inactivity and energy imbalances. The aim of this study was to analyse the total energy expenditure (TEE) and physical activity levels in 9-year-old -12-year-old overweight and obese children during a weekday and a weekend day, as well as during a weekday morning and afternoon. Twenty-four 9-year-old -12-year-old children (seven boys and 17 girls), of whom nine were overweight and 15 were obese, were selected from seven public primary schools for this study. Body mass index (BMI) cut-off points were used to distinguish between overweight and obese. Each participant wore an ACTICAL™ monitor to determine their physical activity levels and TEE. It was found that the TEE of the children did not differ between a week day and a weekend day, although the TEE of the week day afternoon differed significantly from that of the weekday morning. Unlike the overweight children, none of the obese children met the requirements of 60 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity per day. Strategies should be found to increase the activity levels of overweight and, especially, obese children, specifically during the mornings and over weekends. Page 1 of 6Die hoë voorkoms van oorgewig en obesiteit onder kinders is wêreldwyd 'n kommerwekkende gesondheidsprobleem. Fisieke onaktiwiteit en energiewanbalanse word as moontlike oorsake van die probleem beskou. Die doel van hierdie studie was om die totale energieverbruik (TEV) en fisieke-aktiwiteitsvlakke van 9-jarige -12-jarige oorgewig-en obese kinders tydens 'n totale weeksdag en naweekdag te ontleed, asook tydens die oggend en middag van 'n weeksdag. Vier-en-twintig 9-jarige -12-jarige kinders (sewe seuns en 17 dogters), waarvan nege oorgewig en 15 obees was, is uit sewe publieke laerskole vir die studie gekies. Afsnypunte volgens die liggaamsmassa-indeks (LMI) is gebruik om tussen oorgewig en obees te onderskei. Elke deelnemer het 'n ACTICAL™ monitor gedra om hul fisieke-aktiwiteitsvlakke en TEV te bepaal. Die studie het getoon dat die TEV van die kinders op 'n weeksdag en naweekdag nie verskil het nie, alhoewel TEV tydens die middag van die weeksdag betekenisvol verskil het van die oggend s'n. Anders as die oorgewig kinders, het geen van die obese kinders aan die voorgestelde riglyn van 60 minute se matig intensiewe fisieke aktiwiteit per dag voldoen nie. Strategieë moet gevind word om die vlakke van aktiwiteit van oorgewig en veral obese kinders te verhoog, spesifiek gedurende die oggende en oor naweke.

Lower Extremity Pain Is Associated With Reduced Function and Psychosocial Health in Obese Children

“…The mean BMI in the study by Quaresma et al [40] was 21 kg/m 2 compared with the mean BMI of 36 kg/m 2 in our sample, which may account for our different findings. Obesity in children is associated with reduced levels of physical activity and sports participation [21,49]. Our finding of a moderate association between BMI-Z scores and PACER scores such that increasing BMI-Z scores are associated with decreasing physical fitness score is consistent with the lower levels of activity in this population [39].…”

“…Obese children show diminished function, reduced psychosocial health, lower physical fitness, and activity compared with healthy-weight peers [21,38,41,49,53] and more frequently report LE pain [13,51,53]. However, the relationships of factors such as musculoskeletal pain that may interfere with function, physical fitness, or physical activity levels are unclear.…”

“…Despite these recommendations, the time spent in physical activity and participating in sports is low in obese and overweight children when compared with healthy-weight children [21,49]. In a recent cohort study of over 7000 5 to 17 year olds, of whom 40% were classified as overweight (18%) or obese (22%) by BMI, obese children demonstrated lower physical fitness levels (measured by the Progressive Aerobic Cardiovascular Endurance Run [PACER]) compared with healthyweight children [20].…”