“…In contrast, the reaction solution and solid phases in a batch reactor are in a closed system with evolving chemical compositions. Batch systems that focus on diffusion gradients and the resulting mineral alteration in a rock matrix are used to investigate important mineral replacement reactions, such as those found in wellbore cement alteration, − CO 2 mineralization during geologic sequestration, , and shale matrix alteration reported in recent studies. ,,, Reactive transport models with evolving fluid–rock interfaces can be addressed using pore scale models, but these models tend to be computationally expensive, and thus, an intermediate-scale and computationally efficient continuum approach provides an alternative. Although models for the batch reactive transport systems at continuum-scale exist, the efficiency of these models can be improved in dealing with fluid–solid interfaces to minimize numerical artifacts, − especially if the rock has low porosity.…”