Physical and Chemical Regularities of the Complex Processing of Lignite and Carbon-Containing Wastes From Aluminum Production With the Extraction of Rare Elements

Abstract

Rare elements, including rare earth metals (REM), germanium and gallium are widely used in various fields of science and technology. Germanium and gallium are used in the semiconductor industry, and rare-earth metals are used in structural materials for aviation and space, as well as in nuclear energy. The sufficiency with own raw materials is a strategic issue for producers of rare metal raw materials. Despite the vast reserves of rare metal deposits in Russia, they are far from developed infrastructures and are characterized by a complex enrichment technology.