Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Rootzone Mixes Amended with Inorganics for Golf Putting Greens

Waltz, F. Clint; McCarty, Lambert B.

doi:10.2134/agronj2003.3950

Cited by 14 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 16 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…The addition of 10% fines altered the shape of SWC curves, indicating this root zone mix retained greater quantities of water throughout the profile. Similar increases in retained water were reported by Waltz et al (2003), who noted that the addition of 15% peat (v/v) as a soil amendment to washed root zone sand increased the water in the soil profile and in the upper 15 cm compared with a 15% v/v sand root zone mix with calcined clay and diatomaceous earth. Amendments also reduced bulk density and increased porosity compared with pure sand root zones, similar to our study.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Influence of Increasing Fines on Soil Physical Properties of U.S. Golf Association Sand

Brown¹,

McCarty²,

Hubbard³

et al. 2019

horts

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Drainage is important to golf and athletic facilities trying to avoid lost play time. Native soil containing clay is sometimes incorporated into sand profiles with the intent to increase water and nutrient holding capacities. However, mixes high in silt and/or clay often have drainage problems. Research was conducted on soil physical properties from incremental 10% v/v additions of silt and clay (fines) to a U.S. Golf Association (USGA)-specification sand. Soils were evaluated based on volumetric water retention from 0 to 50 cm matric potential, saturated hydraulic conductivity (Ksat), porosity, and bulk density. The soil water characteristic (SWC) for 100:0 (sand:fines) had lower volumetric water content (θv) throughout the profile than any other mixture. Addition of 10% fines increased θv to more than 0.17 cm3·cm–3 throughout the 0- to 50-cm matric potential range, whereas 20% fines increased θv to more than 0.26 cm3·cm–3. The 70:30 mixture had greater θv throughout the profile than mixtures containing more than 70% sand. Mixtures with less than 70% sand produced similar SWCs. Increasing sand content increased bulk density, which altered saturated volumetric water content. Ksat was reduced from more than 265 cm·h–1 in 100:0 mixtures to 43 cm·h–1 for 90:10 mixtures, and to less than 5 cm·h–1 with ≥20% fines. The addition of ≥20% by volume of fines to a USGA sand increased water content in the soil to the point it was rendered unacceptable for trafficked turf sites. This research illustrates the influence fine particles, even in small amounts, can have on a USGA sand, and why they should not be added without prior evaluation.

show abstract

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 83%

Influence of Increasing Fines on Soil Physical Properties of U.S. Golf Association Sand

Brown¹,

McCarty²,

Hubbard³

et al. 2019

horts

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Amending a USGA-guideline sand with an organic amendment generally results in greater CP values determined at 40-cm soil water suction. Sphagnum peat incorporation rates from 10% to 20% by volume increased CP values from 0.01 to 0.11 m 3 Ám -3 (Bigelow et al, 2001b;McCoy, 1992;McCoy et al, 2007;Waltz et al, 2003) with greater increases at larger incorporation rates. Results with a biosolids compost were similar to sphagnum, and equal volumes of reedsedge had 40-cm CP values %2-fold greater than sphagnum (McCoy, 1992).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…INORGANIC AMENDMENTS. Like organic amendments, inorganic amendments consistently increased CP values determined at 40-cm suction relative to unamended medium or USGAguideline sand (Bigelow et al, 2001b(Bigelow et al, , 2004McCoy and Stehouwer, 1998;Waltz et al, 2003). Calcined clay incorporation rates from 10% to 20% volume increased CP values from 0.01 to 0.06 m 3 Ám -3 , CZ incorporation rates from 10% to 20% volume increased CP values from 0.01 to 0.03 m 3 Ám -3 , and DE incorporation rates from 10% to 20% volume increased CP values from 0.02 to 0.07 m 3 Ám -3 .…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Greater increases were observed at the larger incorporation rates. Yet at the larger incorporation rates inorganic amendments had smaller 40-cm CP values than comparable rates of sphagnum peat (Bigelow et al, 2004;Waltz et al, 2003). The apparent order of inorganic amendments effects on 40-cm CP values was CZ < CC = DE.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thus, 10% and 20% volume amendment rates of CC, DE, and CZ generally increased 30-cm air-filled porosity values by 0.05 to 0.1 m 3 Ám -3 (McCoy and Stehouwer, 1998;Murphy et al, 2004Murphy et al, , 2005). Yet compared with unamended USGA-guideline sand, 10% volume DE and CZ (Murphy et al, 2004(Murphy et al, , 2005, 15% volume DE (Waltz et al, 2003), and 20% DE and CZ (Muehlbach et al, 2007) all reduced Ks values whereas similar rates of CC resulted in either significantly greater or equal Ks values. However, Bigelow et al (2001a) showed reduced Ks values for 20% volume amendment of all inorganic amendments compared with unamended sand having a narrow particle size distribution.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Commercial Amendments for Sand-based Root Zones: Review and Interpretation

McCoy¹

2013

hortte

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Amendments used in sand-based root zones are typically native peats, composts, or inorganic materials of diverse mineralogy. Literature-based guidelines for amendment inclusion include root zone capillary porosity (CP) values exceeding 0.2 m3·m−3 or soil surface water contents exceeding 0.1 m3·m−3. It is also suggested that the cation exchange capacity (CEC) need not exceed 4 cmolc·kg−1. Summarizing published data, native peat added to a U.S. Golf Association (USGA) guideline sand yielding organic matter (OM) content values of ≈15 g·kg−1 would typically yield benchmark values of CP = 0.2 m3·m−3, surface water content = 0.1 m3·m−3, and CEC values between 3 and 4 cmolc·kg−1. This OM content is roughly equivalent to 15% by volume of a fibric sphagnum or 7.5% by volume of a hemic reed-sedge. By comparison 15% by volume of an inorganic amendment would likely result in CP and surface water content values less than the benchmark values, and CEC values between 1.5 and 4 cmolc·kg−1. However, the CP benchmark measured at 30 cm of soil water suction should be re-evaluated because it may bias against the use of biosolids compost and inorganic amendments that reduce the thickness of the capillary fringe and create a broader pore size distribution. Also a weak relationship has been observed between longer-term turfgrass quality and 30-cm CP values. Measurement of CP at 40-cm suction would be a better indication of water retention in sand-based root zones for all amendment types. Lastly, inorganic amendments produce a drier root zone that may be preferred for both playability and long-term agronomic concerns.

show abstract

Effects of different amendments (organic matter and hydrogel) on the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of turf grass under field conditions^*

Bandenay

Renau‐Pruñonosa

Morell

et al. 2020

Irrigation and Drainage

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The irrigation schedule in arid areas has to be efficient in order to reduce losses due to evaporation and deep infiltration. Irrigation optimization poses the need to establish with precision the value of actual evapotranspiration (ETa), and the crop coefficient (Kc). The water soil availability can be increased using hydrogel and organic matter amendments, and their effects could vary ETa and Kc. The aim of this study was to determine the ETa, and Kc of an experimental site with lysimeters on the Spanish Mediterranean coast cropped with a turf grass variety, Agrostis stolonifera ‐L‐93, under field conditions, and amended with hydrogel and organic matter. Reference evapotranspiration (ET0) was determined from meteorological data (FAO‐Penman‐Monteith equation). ETa was calculated from the water balance, and Kc was obtained by dividing ETa by ET0. Kc was calculated and compared on a yearly, monthly and daily basis. In summer, the differences between amendments become manifest:Unamended lysimeter (100% sand) had Kc values (0.92‐1.16), similar to organic matter amended lysimeter (0.99‐1.17). Maximum and minimum Kc values for the hydrogel amended lysimeters (1.04‐1.52) were higher than those from the other because of the ability of this compound to retain water, which facilitated evapotranspiration. Finally, hydrogel helped to maintain the turf grass quality.

show abstract

Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Rootzone Mixes Amended with Inorganics for Golf Putting Greens

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Influence of Increasing Fines on Soil Physical Properties of U.S. Golf Association Sand

Influence of Increasing Fines on Soil Physical Properties of U.S. Golf Association Sand

Commercial Amendments for Sand-based Root Zones: Review and Interpretation

Effects of different amendments (organic matter and hydrogel) on the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of turf grass under field conditions^*

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Physical and Hydraulic Properties of Rootzone Mixes Amended with Inorganics for Golf Putting Greens

Cited by 14 publications

References 16 publications

Influence of Increasing Fines on Soil Physical Properties of U.S. Golf Association Sand

Influence of Increasing Fines on Soil Physical Properties of U.S. Golf Association Sand

Commercial Amendments for Sand-based Root Zones: Review and Interpretation

Effects of different amendments (organic matter and hydrogel) on the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of turf grass under field conditions*

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Effects of different amendments (organic matter and hydrogel) on the actual evapotranspiration and crop coefficient of turf grass under field conditions^*