Physical and/or Chemical Modifications of Starch by Thermoplastic Extrusion

Clerici, Maria Teresa Pedrosa Silva

doi:10.5772/34318

Cited by 9 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…The primary plasticizers that are added to TPS are alcohol (principally glycerol), polyoxyalkenes, and surfactants (Shanks and Kong, 2012). TPS costs less than other starch feedstocks, and thus, currently is the most common biobased feedstock used in biodegradable plastic mulches (Averous, 2004;Clerici, 2012;D. Mathes, personal communication).…”

Section: Common Biobased and Synthetic Biodegradable Plastic Feedstocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suitability of Biodegradable Plastic Mulches for Organic and Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems

Miles

DeVetter

Ghimire

et al. 2017

horts

107

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Biodegradable plastic mulch has the potential to be a sustainable technology in agricultural production systems if the mulch performs equally to polyethylene (PE) mulch and biodegrades completely into constituents that do not harm the soil ecology or environment. Reduced labor costs for removal and disposal, and reduced landfill waste add further appeal to the sustainability of biodegradable plastic mulch. Biodegradable paper mulch has been allowed in certified organic production systems in the United States for many years, while the National Organic Program (NOP) added biodegradable biobased plastic mulch to the list of allowed synthetic substances for organic crop production in Oct. 2014. Although biodegradable plastic mulch may meet the NOP biodegradability requirements (90% biodegradation within 2 years), currently no products have been approved for use in certified organic production because, so far, none meet the requirement of being completely biobased. Additionally, while the synthetic manufacturing processes that are used to make biodegradable plastic mulch are allowed by the NOP, the use of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in the feedstocks, including their fermentation, is not allowed. Organic growers are advised always to check with their certifier before applying a product as some biodegradable mulch manufacturers and marketers erroneously advertise their product as “organic.” Looking forward, if biodegradable plastic mulch meets the NOP requirement of 90% biodegradation after 2 years, there is a possibility that 10% of plastic mulch residuals will persist (if the mulch contains nonbiodegradable ingredients); in this case, after 8 years of annual biodegradable mulch application, plastic residuals in the soil would exceed twice the amount of mulch applied per year. The current methods used by the NOP to test mulch biodegradation are laboratory based and it is uncertain if the results accurately represent field conditions. Reliable field sampling methods to measure residual mulch fragments in the soil need to be developed; however, it is unlikely such field tests will measure CO2 evolution, and thus will not be a true measure of biodegradation. Additional testing is needed under diverse field conditions to accurately quantify the rate and extent of biodegradation of mulch products that are marketed as biodegradable.

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Section: Common Biobased and Synthetic Biodegradable Plastic Feedstocksmentioning

confidence: 99%

Suitability of Biodegradable Plastic Mulches for Organic and Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems

Miles

DeVetter

Ghimire

et al. 2017

horts

107

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“…Dengan drum dryer, tahap pengeringan terjadi secara simultan dengan tahap gelatinisasi dengan produk akhir yang membentuk lapisan tipis pada permukaan drum (Majzoobi dkk., 2011). Pragelatinisasi dengan metode ekstrusi memiliki beberapa keunggulan yaitu serbaguna, memiliki produktivitas yang tinggi, biaya yang rendah, dan dapat mengontrol derajat gelatinisasi sesuai yang diinginkan dengan tepat (Clerici, 2012). Metode pemasakan beras dengan rice cooker merupakan metode yang paling sederhana dan mudah diaplikasikan.…”

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Teknik Gelatinisasi Tepung Beras untuk Menurunkan Penyerapan Minyak Selama Penggorengan Minyak Terendam (Gelatinization Technique of Rice Flour to Reduce Oil Uptake during Deep Fat Frying)

et al. 2017

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ABSTRAKTepung beras pragelatinisasi merupakan salah satu ingredien yang dapat mengurangi penyerapan minyak. Proses gelatinisasi dapat dilakukan dengan metode pengeringan drum, ekstrusi, dan pengukusan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh teknik gelatinisasi tepung beras dengan pengeringan drum, ekstrusi, dan pemasakan nasi terhadap daya ikat air, derajat gelatinisasi dan penyerapan minyak. Penyerapan minyak dianalisis dengan menggunakan model pangan yang telah disubtitusi 50 % tepung pragelatinisasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa derajat gelatinisasi dan daya ikat air pada tepung pragelatinisasi dari pengeringan drum lebih tinggi daripada proses ekstrusi dan pemasakan nasi. Penurunan penyerapan minyak tertinggi dihasilkan pada produk dengan penggunaan tepung pragelatinisasi pengeringan drum yaitu 33,70 %, sedangkan ekstruder sebesar 13,32 % dan pemasak nasi sebesar 10,09 %.Kata kunci: Penggorengan minyak terendam; gelatinisasi; penyerapan minyak; tepung beras pragelatinisasi ABSTRACT Pregelatinized rice flour is one of ingredients that can reduce oil uptake. Gelatinization can be processed by drum drying, extrusion, and steaming. The aim of this research was to know the effect of gelatinization rice flour by drum drying, extrusion, and cooking rice on water holding capacity, degree of gelatinization, and oil uptake. Oil uptake was analyzed by using food model that substituted with 50 % pregelatinized flour. Results indicated that degree of gelatinization and water holding capacity of pregelatinized flour by drum drying was higher than extrusion and cooking rice. The highest reducing oil uptake of product was produced using pregelatinized flour by drum dryer was 33.70 % while by extruder which was 13.32 % and rice cooker was 10.09 %.Keywords: Deep fat frying; gelatinization; oil uptake; pregelatinized rice flour PENDAHULUANPenggorengan minyak terendam merupakan salah satu metode yang banyak digunakan untuk proses pengolahan secara komersial di industri pangan. Penggorengan minyak terendam ini memungkinkan terjadinya penyerapan minyak ke dalam bahan pangan sebagai pengganti air yang hilang karena evaporasi selama penggorengan. Penyerapan minyak dalam makanan yang digoreng berkisar 4-14 % dari total beratnya (Ghidurus dkk., 2010). Konsumsi makanan berlemak tinggi ini dapat menimbulkan masalah kesehatan seperti obesitas, hipertensi, dan jantung koroner (Meulenaer dan Camp, 2007), sehingga minyak menjadi titik kritis dari produk gorengan yang perlu diturunkan (Porta dkk., 2012). Minyak

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“…In this process, the normally insoluble starch granules experience a "loss of molecular organization", and absorb some of the surrounding water, while simultaneously releasing amylose from the starch granules. 7 With the removal of heat, the gel cools (or retrogrades) into a rigid solid. During retrogradation, the structure of the starch granules is re-organized into a more ordered structure within a matrix of amylose, resulting in a rigid solid 8 .…”

Section: Research 2 21 What Is Starch?mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is ubiquitous in our contemporary society, even if we are generally unaware of its presence; so much so, in fact, that our modern diet derives the majority of our daily caloric intake from starches. 7 In 2012, the world produced more than 75 million tons of starch from various sources. 8 Both domestically and industrially, starch is fairly easy to extract from biomass, such as potatoes, cassava (tapioca), corn, or other starchy crops.…”

Section: Socio-economic Impactsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Our Place in Materials

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Thanks to mom and dad, who gave me everything they had to give. To nana and papa: if I saw further, it was because of you. To omi and opa: you showed me what real strength is. To my brother, sister, and little jessie: everywhere we go, we go together. ._. "A hidden tuning fork in the great cold sends out its tone. I stand under the starry sky and feel the world creep in and out of my coat, as in an ant hill."

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Physical and/or Chemical Modifications of Starch by Thermoplastic Extrusion

Cited by 9 publications

References 61 publications

Suitability of Biodegradable Plastic Mulches for Organic and Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems

Suitability of Biodegradable Plastic Mulches for Organic and Sustainable Agricultural Production Systems

Teknik Gelatinisasi Tepung Beras untuk Menurunkan Penyerapan Minyak Selama Penggorengan Minyak Terendam (Gelatinization Technique of Rice Flour to Reduce Oil Uptake during Deep Fat Frying)

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