Physical and stable isotopic properties and growth processes of sea ice collected in the southern Sea of Okhotsk

Ukita, Jinro; Κawamura, Toshiyuki; Тanaka, Noriyuki; Toyota, Takenobu; Wakatsuchi, Masaaki

doi:10.1029/1999jc000013

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Only 15% of ice production occurs in first-year ice areas. These results are consistent with the field observations: Ukita et al (2000), and Toyota et al (2002), from an ice structural analysis, suggested that thickening of sea ice occurs mainly by rafting of thin sea ice formed in open water areas in the sea ice zone.…”

Section: Ice Productionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Surface Heat Budget of the Sea of Okhotsk during 1987-2001 and the Role of Sea Ice on it

Ohshima

Watanabe

Nihashi

2003

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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The surface heat flux over the Sea of Okhotsk has been calculated from 1987 to 2001 by bulk parameterizations using ECMWF, ISCCP, and GISST data, corrected by COADS data. Sea ice concentration and ice type are incorporated by using an SSM/I open water and thin-ice algorithm to better represent the sea ice conditions. The mean seasonal variation of the net heat flux, averaged over the entire Okhotsk Sea, ranges from a summer maximum of 158 W m À2 in June (a positive value indicates that the sea or sea ice gains heat form the air), to a winter minimum of À219 W m À2 in December. The seasonal geographic distribution of the net heat flux is determined mostly by turbulent (sensible and latent) heat flux. Because of the heat insulating effect of sea ice, the turbulent heat flux and accordingly the net heat flux has the largest variation in winter, particularly in the north region, reflecting the yearly difference of sea ice extent. The geographic distribution of the annual net heat flux shows a distinct contrast, significant cooling of the ocean in the north and net heating of the ocean in the south. This contrast is a result of heat transport by both sea ice and the southward East Sakhalin Current; sea ice formed by obtaining negative latent heat in the north is transported to the south, then it releases the negative latent heat by melting. The annual net heat budget is estimated to be À22 W m À2 averaged over the entire sea. The Okhotsk Sea loses heat to the atmosphere on an annual basis, although at least the order of 20 W m À2 error exists in the estimation. A trial was performed to estimate sea ice production using the heat budget calculation. The results suggest that most of the production occurs in open water and thin ice areas. The highest production area is located over the northwest shelf, within 100 km of the coast.

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Section: Ice Productionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Surface Heat Budget of the Sea of Okhotsk during 1987-2001 and the Role of Sea Ice on it

Ohshima

Watanabe

Nihashi

2003

Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan

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“…Jeffries et al ., ], was 7.5–9.7%. This compares reasonably well with observations from pack ice in the Sea of Okhotsk [ Ukita et al ., ], and landfast ice in both a Svalbard fjord [ Nicolaus et al ., ] and the Baltic Sea [ Uusikivi et al ., ]. In the only study in the high‐Arctic, on landfast sea ice in Baffin Bay, Kawamura et al .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Snow contribution to first‐year and second‐year Arctic sea ice mass balance north of Svalbard

et al. 2017

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The salinity and water oxygen isotope composition (δ18O) of 29 first‐year (FYI) and second‐year (SYI) Arctic sea ice cores (total length 32.0 m) from the drifting ice pack north of Svalbard were examined to quantify the contribution of snow to sea ice mass. Five cores (total length 6.4 m) were analyzed for their structural composition, showing variable contribution of 10–30% by granular ice. In these cores, snow had been entrained in 6–28% of the total ice thickness. We found evidence of snow contribution in about three quarters of the sea ice cores, when surface granular layers had very low δ18O values. Snow contributed 7.5–9.7% to sea ice mass balance on average (including also cores with no snow) based on δ18O mass balance calculations. In SYI cores, snow fraction by mass (12.7–16.3%) was much higher than in FYI cores (3.3–4.4%), while the bulk salinity of FYI (4.9) was distinctively higher than for SYI (2.7). We conclude that oxygen isotopes and salinity profiles can give information on the age of the ice and enables distinction between FYI and SYI (or older) ice in the area north of Svalbard.

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“…To examine the ice growth processes, vertical sections were analyzed. Details of this analysis are described by Ukita et al [2000]. Briefly, we first made a thick section of 5‐mm thickness on glass plates to see the inclusions such as bubbles and brine pockets.…”

Section: Observationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thickness distribution, texture and stratigraphy, and a simple probabilistic model for dynamical thickening of sea ice in the southern Sea of Okhotsk

et al. 2004

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Sea ice thickness data and sea ice samples were analyzed to examine the characteristics of the ice thickness distribution and ice texture, and to understand ice growth processes in the southern Sea of Okhotsk. Ice thickness data and samples were obtained aboard the icebreaker Soya in early February, the ice growth season. Ice thickness data, which were obtained with a video monitoring system installed on the side deck of the ship each winter from 1991 to 2000 except 1995, show that the average thickness ranges from 19 ± 7 to 55 ± 23 cm and that it matches the characteristics of a Poisson distribution. Ice structure analysis reveals that granular texture occupies about three quarters of the total ice thickness and that the ice exhibits a layered structure with unit thickness averaging 5 to 10 cm. Stratigraphy and stable isotopic composition of the ice indicate that snow ice accounts for 10% and frazil ice accounts for 64% of the total ice thickness. This suggests that dynamic ice thickening processes such as frazil ice growth and piling up are more significant than congelation growth. On the basis of these characteristics, which resemble more those of Antarctic than Arctic sea ice, we propose a conceptual model for the ice thickening process in this region. It is shown that this model can explain the shape of the ice thickness distribution well, and is analogous with the concept of the “pancake cycle” and multiple rafting of Antarctic sea ice growth and thickening.

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Physical and stable isotopic properties and growth processes of sea ice collected in the southern Sea of Okhotsk

Cited by 23 publications

References 28 publications

Surface Heat Budget of the Sea of Okhotsk during 1987-2001 and the Role of Sea Ice on it

Surface Heat Budget of the Sea of Okhotsk during 1987-2001 and the Role of Sea Ice on it

Snow contribution to first‐year and second‐year Arctic sea ice mass balance north of Svalbard

Thickness distribution, texture and stratigraphy, and a simple probabilistic model for dynamical thickening of sea ice in the southern Sea of Okhotsk

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