Physical characteristics of Acidic Mining Lake 111

Karakas, Gokay; Brookland, Iris; Boehrer, Bertram

doi:10.1007/s00027-003-0651-z

Cited by 50 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…The equation of state was assumed to be that of seawater, although it is clear that this is only indicative in such systems (Gräfe et al 2002;Karakas et al 2003;Fisher and Lawrence in press). The buoyancy frequency was derived using the bin-averaged (128 point, equivalent to 0.12 m) density gradient.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Most pit-lake observational studies to date severely test the notion of simply treating a pit lake as a natural lake. Facets like site-specific equations of state (Karakas et al 2003;Fisher and Lawrence in press), ground water fluxes (Boehrer et al 1998), wall subsidence (Stevens and Lawrence 1998), highly variable inflows (Stevens and Lawrence 1997a), and sun and wind wall-sheltering (Hamblin et al 1999) drive significant departures from lake-like behavior.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Turbulent layering beneath the pycnocline in a strongly stratified pit lake

2005

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Temperature microstructure observations from a pit lake show alternate layers of high and low turbulence beneath a very strong pycnocline. The layers were clearly defined, around 0.3-0.5 m thick, and were found both at the edge and in the center of the pit lake. In the most energetic regions, the turbulent energy dissipation rate reached ϭ 10 Ϫ6 m 2 s Ϫ3 and the dissipation rate of thermal variance almost reached ϭ 10 Ϫ4 Њ C 2 s Ϫ1. The turbulent fluid in the middle of the lake had a higher dissipation ratio, the thermal component of potential energy gain vs. kinetic energy loss, when compared with the sidewalls. This is attributed to different forcing mechanisms for the turbulence. We hypothesize that basin-scale internal waves, in conjunction with the topography, create sidewall boundary layers. In the interior regions of the pit lake, the turbulent layers are probably generated by instability due to focusing of short-wavelength internal waves.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Turbulent layering beneath the pycnocline in a strongly stratified pit lake

2005

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“…If enough measurements of density for the relevant temperature range are available and composition and concentrations of the main constituents are constant, regressions can be used to generate a mathematical formula for density in a specific lake (e.g. Jellison et al, 1999;Vollmer et al, 2002;Karakas et al, 2003). If the composition is constant and the main constituents are ions, electrical conductivity or salinity may be used as an easy-to-measure proxy for concentrations (Bührer and Ambühl, 1975;Chen and Millero, 1986;Pawlowicz and Feistel, 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A practical approach to lake water density from electrical conductivity and temperature

Moreira

Schultze

Rahn

et al. 2016

Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci.

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Abstract. Density calculations are essential to study stratification, circulation patterns, internal wave formation and other aspects of hydrodynamics in lakes and reservoirs. Currently, the most common procedure is the use of CTD (conductivity, temperature and depth) profilers and the conversion of measurements of temperature and electrical conductivity into density. In limnic waters, such approaches are of limited accuracy if they do not consider lake-specific composition of solutes, as we show. A new approach is presented to correlate density and electrical conductivity, using only two specific coefficients based on the composition of solutes. First, it is necessary to evaluate the lake-specific coefficients connecting electrical conductivity with density. Once these coefficients have been obtained, density can easily be calculated based on CTD data. The new method has been tested against measured values and the most common equations used in the calculation of density in limnic and ocean conditions. The results show that our new approach can reproduce the density contribution of solutes with a relative error of less than 10 % in lake waters from very low to very high concentrations as well as in lakes of very particular water chemistry, which is better than all commonly implemented density calculations in lakes. Finally, a web link is provided for downloading the corresponding density calculator.

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“…The element composition of lake water and local geology correlates with the geologic makeup of the study area. Overall, all water characteristics of AMLs compared well with their counterparts around the world (Pietsch 1979;Friese et al 1998;Kwong and Lawrence 1998;Bachmann et al 2001;Karakas et al 2003;Espana et al 2008) and resemble the poor water-quality pattern that is mostly driven by sulfur oxidation in the region.…”

Section: Hydrogeochemistry Of Amlsmentioning

confidence: 78%

Generation of Acid Mine Lakes Associated with Abandoned Coal Mines in Northwest Turkey

Yücel

Balcı

Baba

2016

Arch Environ Contam Toxicol

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A total of five acid mine lakes (AMLs) located in northwest Turkey were investigated using combined isotope, molecular, and geochemical techniques to identify geochemical processes controlling and promoting acid formation. All of the investigated lakes showed typical characteristics of an AML with low pH (2.59-3.79) and high electrical conductivity values (1040-6430 lS/cm), in addition to high sulfate (594-5370 mg/l) and metal (aluminum [Al], iron [Fe], manganese [Mn], nickel [Ni], and zinc [Zn]) concentrations. Geochemical and isotope results showed that the acid-generation mechanism and source of sulfate in the lakes can change and depends on the age of the lakes. In the relatively older lakes (AMLs 1 through 3), biogeochemical Fe cycles seem to be the dominant process controlling metal concentration and pH of the water unlike in the younger lakes (AMLs 4 and 5). Bacterial species determined in an older lake (AML 2) indicate that biological oxidation and reduction of Fe and S are the dominant processes in the lakes. Furthermore, O and S isotopes of sulfate indicate that sulfate in the older mine lakes may be a product of much more complex oxidation/dissolution reactions. However, the major source of sulfate in the younger mine lakes is in situ pyrite oxidation catalyzed by Fe(III) produced by way of oxidation of Fe(II). Consistent with this, insignificant fractionation between d 34 S SO 4 and d 34 S FeS 2 values indicated that the oxidation of pyrite, along with dissolution and precipitation reactions of Fe(III) minerals, is the main reason for acid formation in the region. Overall, the results showed that acid generation during early stage formation of an AML associated with pyrite-rich mine waste is primarily controlled by the oxidation of pyrite with Fe cycles becoming the dominant processes regulating pH and metal cycles in the later stages of mine lake development.Acidic and highly metal-loaded effluents (acid mine drainage [AMD]) resulting from the exposure of pyrite and other metal sulfide minerals to weathering conditions are the principal environmental problems faced by the mining industry today (Dold and Spangerberg 2005).The formation mechanisms of AMD (e.g., oxidation of pyrite and other sulfide minerals) has been extensively studied

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Physical characteristics of Acidic Mining Lake 111

Cited by 50 publications

References 17 publications

Turbulent layering beneath the pycnocline in a strongly stratified pit lake

Turbulent layering beneath the pycnocline in a strongly stratified pit lake

A practical approach to lake water density from electrical conductivity and temperature

Generation of Acid Mine Lakes Associated with Abandoned Coal Mines in Northwest Turkey

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