Physical Characteristics of the Radiations From 2-Pulse, 12-Pulse, and 1,000-Pulse X-Ray Equipment

Kelley, John P.; Trout, E. Dale

doi:10.1148/100.3.653

Cited by 10 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…ultrasonography). Many methods have also been developed for the estimation of conceptus dose from several radio-diagnostic examinations [5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12]; however, a detailed dose assessment is not always needed. Thus, the dose received by the conceptus during the first 2 weeks post-conception will either terminate the pregnancy, or the conceptus will recover completely.…”

Section: Anticipation Of Conceptus Dose and Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There is no allowance for beamquality variations; data apply to specific kVp-half value layer (HVL) combinations. Harrison [6] and Kelley and Trout [9] measured the relative percentage of dose as a function of depth. Schulz and Gignac [10] provided tables with tissue-air ratios to convert free-in-air exposure to depth dose.…”

Section: Anticipation Of Conceptus Dose and Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Pregnancy and diagnostic X-rays

Damilakis

2004

Eur Radiol Suppl

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Diagnostic X-ray examinations are carried out in pregnant patients in clinical practice either accidentally or because of clinical urgency. In these cases, estimation of the risk to the conceptus is of paramount importance. The risk is dependent on the gestational age and the amount of radiation dose absorbed by the conceptus. Under normal operating conditions, conceptus doses from extra-abdominal examinations are lower than 1 mGy. In the case of examinations involving the abdomen or pelvis, doses to the embryo may be considerably higher in comparison with extra-abdominal examinations. In such cases, detailed assessment of dose to the conceptus is necessary. Doses to the unborn child below 100 mGy should not be considered a reason for termination of pregnancy. Counselling the pregnant patient regarding the risks of the diagnostic X-ray examination is essential. Deterministic effects have a threshold of 100 mGy or higher. This dose is higher than that expected from the overwhelming majority of the diagnostic X-ray examinations. As a result of radiation exposure, the conceptus is assumed to be at risk for stochastic effects, mainly childhood cancer, leukaemia and hereditary effects. The risk for radiationinduced childhood fatal cancer is about 6% per Gy. Risk estimates for genetic effects have been estimated to be about 1% per Gy. Pregnant workers are also exposed to diagnostic X-rays. The protection provided for the conceptus of the worker should be comparable to that of the general public (1 mGy) during the declared pregnancy. A radiation protection program for pregnant staff working at diagnostic radiology departments should be implemented to control conceptus exposure and assist the pregnant woman in obtaining the information necessary to continue her job safely.

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Section: Anticipation Of Conceptus Dose and Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Anticipation Of Conceptus Dose and Riskmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pregnancy and diagnostic X-rays

Damilakis

2004

Eur Radiol Suppl

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“…The high voltage generator consists of an inverter for high voltage generation, a high frequency transmitter, a high pressure transformer, a rectifier for supplying direct current with high pressure, an X-ray tube filament heating circuit, and a transmitter for generating electron. The inverter used generates a high-voltage waveform with low ripples, and makes switching frequency higher from a general power supply, which leads to a high exposure dose of X-ray per unit hour [10][11][12]. In this study, X-ray tube was used DF-151BS device which is made by Toshiba and it was able to generate 3.3 kW level of output.…”

Section: X-ray Generatormentioning

confidence: 99%

Study on image processing of panoramic X-ray using deviation improvement software

Kim

Lee

Kim

et al. 2014

Journal of X-Ray Science and Technology

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Utilization of panoramic X-ray device is getting wider. Panoramic X-ray has low resolution than general X-ray device and it occurs to distortion by deviation of image synthesis. Due to structural problems, it has been used restrictively to identify of tooth structure, not for whole head. Therefore, it designed and produced panoramic X-ray device which is possible to diagnostic coverage can be extended and had to be adjusted interval control between X-ray generator and image processing for whole of Maxillofacia's diagnosis. Produced panoramic X-ray device is composed basically of short image synthesis. In addition, it was confirmed the results by used the device which was applied deviation of the brightness of the image, filter to improve the location of the deviation and interpolation method.In this study, it was used 13 images including the front. It occurs to brightness deviation, position deviation, and geometric correction when synthesis of image, but it had been solved by deviation improvement software and a change of CCD camera's scan line which is used for image acquisition. Therefore, it confirmed expansion possibility of utilization range to commonly used panoramic X-ray device.

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“…This entrance exposure is then used to calculate the dose at the depth of the fetus by using either published depth-dose (23)(24)(25) or tissue-air ratio tables (26,27). This procedure is applicable to both radiographic and fluoroscopic exposures.…”

Section: Direct (Inside Field Of View) Exposure-mentioning

confidence: 99%

The AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents

Parry¹,

Glaze

Archer³

1999

RadioGraphics

150

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Factors affecting patient dose in all x-ray imaging modalities include beam energy, filtration, collimation, patient size, and image processing. In conventional radiography, the most important determinant of acceptable patient dose is use of the highest peak kilovoltage that results in diagnostic images. Digital radiography allows a much wider range of exposures than conventional radiography for producing diagnostic images. However, operators must be aware of the subtle differences in techniques used with digital systems to avoid unnecessary increases in patient dose. Low-dose mammography requires lower ranges of peak kilovoltage; different target materials, filters, and screen-film combinations; special attention to breast thickness, composition, and compression during the study; and different standards for grids, magnification, and optical density. Although peak kilovoltage and tube current are important for controlling patient dose in fluoroscopy, collimation, source-to-skin and patient-to-image intensifier distances, and control of beam-on time have perhaps greater importance. Computed tomography (CT) involves greater patient dose than conventional radiography, and, although the primary radiation dose is delivered to smaller volumes, dose calculations must account for dose received by adjacent tissue sections. Many variables are involved in fetal exposure and fetal dose effects, but a solid understanding of them can help in developing responsible patient management practices.

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Physical Characteristics of the Radiations From 2-Pulse, 12-Pulse, and 1,000-Pulse X-Ray Equipment

Cited by 10 publications

References 0 publications

Pregnancy and diagnostic X-rays

Pregnancy and diagnostic X-rays

Study on image processing of panoramic X-ray using deviation improvement software

The AAPM/RSNA Physics Tutorial for Residents

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