Physical Chemistry of Dyeing: State of Dye in Dyebath and in Substrate

The roles of polymer relaxation phenomena, aqueous dye solubility and the physical properties of water in the mechanism of adsorption of a disperse dye on poly(ethylene terephthalate) fibres: Part 2 dye solubility

“…Although dye self-association under aqueous conditions, such as those encountered in typical dyebaths, has been the subject of sizeable interest, dye aggregation within textile fibres and other types of solid substrate has received much less attention, primarily because of intrinsic difficulties associated with experimental observation (see 4,[41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] and the references therein).…”

The roles of elevated temperature and carriers in the dyeing of polyester fibres using disperse dyes: Part 1 fundamental aspects

“…For discussions of the large area of dye aggregation, see, for example 55,[510][511][512][513][514][515][516][517][518][519][520][521][522][523] and the recent review article. 59 All types of dye molecule are complex organic compounds that comprise several linked aromatic rings which carry various types of polar group, as exemplified in the case of disperse dyes by the above structures shown for CI Disperse Red 60 and CI Disperse Blue 165.…”

“…Indeed, dye self-association is viewed as a characteristic attribute of all types of dye. 519,520 Disperse dye molecules possess a marked predisposition to self-associate not only in aqueous media, such as an aqueous disperse dye dyebath, but also within dyed fibres, primarily because the hydrophobic, planar aromatic rings carry characteristically few, weakly polar groups, as again exemplified by the structures given above for CI Disperse Red 60 and CI Disperse Blue 165. Such distinct molecular architecture is also responsible for the characteristically very low aqueous solubility of the dyes.…”

The role of inorganic electrolyte (salt) in cellulosic fibre dyeing: Part 2 theories of how inorganic electrolyte promotes dye uptake

“…Indeed, because dye aggregation is so commonly encountered in all dye/fibre systems, it can be considered to be a general characteristic property of a dye. 163,164 Although dye aggregation in solution has enjoyed considerable attention over many decades, principally because of its relevance to several areas of science and technology, 22,[163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170][171][172][173][174][175][176] in contrast, dye aggregation within solid substrates has received comparatively much less interest owing to inherent experimental challenges and, in the case of (solid) textile fibres, has mostly focused on studies related to dye photofading. [177][178][179] The intermolecular forces of attraction that contribute to dye self-association can be considered to include van der Waals forces, H-bonding, π-π interactions and hydrophobic interaction, 180 though the precise nature of the attractive intermolecular forces responsible for the phenomenon will likely vary according to the particular structural characteristics of a given class/type of dye.…”