Physical demands in Spanish male and female elite football referees during the competition: a prospective observational study

Assessing the Match Physical Responses of International Referees for Footballers with Cerebral Palsy: A Tournaments and Halves Comparative Analysis

“…Match running performance was recorded using GPS devices (WIMU PROTM, RealTrack System SL, Almería, Spain), sampling at a frequency of 10 Hz. A previous study reported the validity and reliability of this device to assess physical performance [ 16 ], which was used in able-bodied football players [ 17 ], football players with CP [ 18 ], and referees of regular football [ 19 ]. Before the official matches, the devices were activated and synchronized according to the manufacturer’s recommendations.…”

“…The variables considered for the analysis were described in each match half and match total time: total distance (TD) covered, explosive distance (ED), total distance covered with acceleration above 1.12 m/s 2 in m) [ 19 ], maximum speed (km/h), distance covered at different speeds (walking: 0–6 km/h; jogging: 6–12 km/h; medium intensity running [MIR]: 12–18 km/h; high intensity running [HIR]: 18–21 km/h; sprinting: 21–24 km/h; and maximum sprinting [MS]: >24 km/h) [ 18 ], high-intensity breaking distance (HIBD: distance decelerating >2 m/s 2 ), total number of sprints (n), sprinting distance (m), high-speed running distance (HSRD; >15.1 km/h in m), high-speed running actions (HSRA: n) [ 20 ]. Moreover, the total number of accelerations and decelerations (where an acceleration or deceleration is deemed to be any increase or reduction in speed that means passing or descending from the zero axis), maximal acceleration (m/s 2 ), and maximal deceleration (m/s 2 ) were registered [ 19 ]. In addition, the distance covered accelerating by zones (Z1: 0–1 m/s 2 ; Z2: 1–2 m/s 2 ; Z3: 2–3 m/s 2 ; Z4: >3 m/s 2 ), and distance covered decelerating by zones (Z1: 0–1 m/s 2 ; Z2: 1–2 m/s 2 ; Z3: 2–3 m/s 2 ; Z4: >3 m/s 2 ) were considered for the analysis [ 21 ].…”

Research on Intelligent Recognition and Verification System of Football Offside Penalty Based on Artificial Intelligence

“…Error caused by the speed of the ball or the speed of the player in the court Football is a quick attack and defense of the sport, the explosive power of the attacking athletes is very strong, the speed is very fast, and the number of sprints is also a lot, so in this case, the physical quality of the referee is much worse than that of the professional athletes, in this case, when making a quick counterattack, it is difficult for the referee to ensure that the position of the second defender is 100% consistent. Although the assistant referee's game experience can make up for the lack of physical fitness to a large extent, but many times, the key game, mainly rely on the initiative to run, to establish a good position [7]. For example, when a player has control of the ball near the halfway line, and the defender is in a small area battle, the receiver moves forward quickly from the halfway line, the second defender immediately drops back to defend, and the referee has to run after him.…”

Physical and Physiological Demands of Amateur Portuguese Field and Assistant Football Referees

“…A study has also compared the differences in match activity between female and male referees [18], finding that male referees have significantly higher intensity activity during matches. In Martin-Sanchez and colleagues' study, male referees judged in male competitions, and female referees only participated in matches played by females, pointing that the physical preparation of referees should consider gender differences in match demands, ultimately leading to better performance.…”