Physical examination of the female internal and external genitalia with and without pelvic organ prolapse: A review

Pahwa, Avita K.; Siegelman, Evan S.; Arya, Lily A.

doi:10.1002/ca.22472

Cited by 9 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…Sacral and lower backaches during menses also can be present [ 6 ]. The first diagnostic evaluations in these patients are physical examinations and pelvic ultrasound [ 17 , 38 ]. Physical examination findings might include uterosacral ligament tenderness and nodularity, as well as the presence of an adnexal mass that most likely is an ovarian endometrioma [ 6 , 38 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The first diagnostic evaluations in these patients are physical examinations and pelvic ultrasound [ 17 , 38 ]. Physical examination findings might include uterosacral ligament tenderness and nodularity, as well as the presence of an adnexal mass that most likely is an ovarian endometrioma [ 6 , 38 ]. Ovarian endometriomas, also known as chocolate cysts, are large, fluid-filled cysts that develop on the ovary because of endometrial tissue deposition via retrograde menstruation [ 6 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

The Clinical Anatomy of Endometriosis: A Review

Alimi¹,

Iwanaga²,

Loukas³

et al. 2018

Cureus

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Endometriosis is a gynecological disorder identified by the presence of ectopic endometrial tissue outside the uterus. Largely, it affects reproductive-aged women and is a major cause of infertility. Clinical manifestations of endometriosis include dyspareunia, cyclic menstrual pain, chronic pelvic pain, and dyschezia, all of which can affect the patient’s quality of life and health severely; therefore, it is paramount that medical treatment is initiated as soon as endometriosis is suspected clinically. In this review, we examine the known anatomic principles of endometriosis in the literature and outline ways to manage patients with this condition better.

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Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Clinical Anatomy of Endometriosis: A Review

Alimi¹,

Iwanaga²,

Loukas³

et al. 2018

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…However, there are certain clinical clues, including fixed retroverted uterus on bimanual vaginal examination. There may be tenderness and nodularity (cobblestone feel) in the pouch of Douglas and on the uterosacral ligament as well as adnexal mass due to endometrioma [24]. Laparoscopy followed by histopathological examination is the gold standard for diagnosis, but it is invasive [25].…”

Section: Diagnosis Of Endometriosismentioning

confidence: 99%

Magnetic resonance imaging of endometriosis: a common but often hidden, missed, and misdiagnosed entity

Zuber¹,

Shoaib²,

Kumari³

2022

Pol J Radiol

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Endometriosis is a common benign and chronic inflammatory gynaecological disease due to functional endometrial glands and stroma in an ectopic location outside the uterine cavity. It affects 5-10% of reproductive age group women in the peak age of 24-29 years. However, women with infertility and chronic pelvic pain have an even greater prevalence, accounting for 30-50% and 90% of cases, respectively. Although it is a common entity, patients often get a delayed diagnosis because it is often subtle (hidden), missed, or confused with mimics, leading to misdiagnosis, which significantly affects patients' quality of life because they live in constant pain from undiagnosed endometriosis. Laparoscopy followed by histopathological confirmation is the gold standard for diagnosis, but it is an invasive procedure. MRI is an excellent non-invasive modality that helps in non-invasive diagnosis, with excellent delineation of the disease extent, and thus provides a presurgical mapping of the disease, which is helpful for the operating surgeon. Radiologists should be aware of all possible spectrum and diagnose this early and provide a detailed structured report mapping the entire extent of the disease process, which helps in effective treatment planning and successful outcomes in improving patients' quality of life.

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“…The first diagnostic evaluations done are physical examination and pelvic ultrasound [10]. Ovarian endometriomas (also known as chocolate cysts) are observed, which are large, haemorrhagic cysts that develop on the ovary due to endometrial tissue deposition through retrograde menstruation.…”

Section: Abstract Figure 1: Comparison Of Healthy and Endometriosis Conditionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome & Endometriosis

2021

IJMTST

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Endometriosis is a chronic disease of the female reproductive system, which is characterised by the presence of endometrial tissue outside the uterus especially in the pelvic cavity that includes ovaries, fallopian tubes and it may occur extra genitally in some rare cases. 176 million women all over the world including 26 million in India suffer from endometriosis and high frequency was observed between the age group of 26-30 years, resulting in increased primary infertility. Various studies surveying the female reproductive tract have confirmed the existence of microbiota starting in the vagina, cervix, uterus, fallopian tubes and ovaries. These microbes play a crucial role at different stages ofthe reproduction, in forming a physical barrier against pathogen and the stimulation of host defence mechanisms. Direct and indirect mechanisms are observed including the production of biochemically active compounds that directly kill or inhibit pathogens. Women suffering from endometriosis lead an impaired quality of life and continue to deal with endometriosis-associated symptoms even after diagnosis and treatment of the disease. In endometriosis condition, adhesions are observed in the fallopian tubes and ovaries that block tubal motility and damage the oocyte-pickup. Progesterone resistance is familiar in endometriosis which changes the implantation window period causing the loss of implantation markers and finally leading to infertility. Malignant tumours of ovaries have also been identified and known to arise from endometriosis. Microbiome can be used as a novel diagnostic tool for endometriosis as there is a variation observed in the composition and distribution along the female reproductive tract of healthy women and endometriosis patients. A non-invasive diagnosis is achieved through this, aiming at early diagnosis and alternative treatment for endometriosis.

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Physical examination of the female internal and external genitalia with and without pelvic organ prolapse: A review

Cited by 9 publications

References 23 publications

The Clinical Anatomy of Endometriosis: A Review

The Clinical Anatomy of Endometriosis: A Review

Magnetic resonance imaging of endometriosis: a common but often hidden, missed, and misdiagnosed entity

Microbiome & Endometriosis

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