Physical factors involved in stress-wave-induced cell injury: The effect of stress gradient

Doukas, Apostolos G.; McAuliffe, Daniel J.; Lee, Shun; Venugopalan, Vasan; Flotte, Thomas J.

doi:10.1016/0301-5629(95)00027-o

Cited by 78 publications

(79 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Similar evidence (destruction of cellular material/uptake of molecules by the cell) is also obtained from experiments other than SWL, involving shock waves which do not have cavitation effects (e.g. Doukas et al 1995, Mulholland et al 1999, Teshima et al 1995. In earlier work (Howard and Sturtevant 1997), tissue damage was attributed to the shearing effect of a non-uniform shock.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Mechanical haemolysis in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL): I. Analysis of cell deformation due to SWL flow-fields

Lokhandwalla¹,

Sturtevant²

2001

Phys. Med. Biol.

105

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This work analyses the interaction of red blood cells (RBCs) with shock-induced and bubble-induced flows in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL), and calculates, in vitro, the lytic effects of these two flows. A well known experimentally observed fact about RBC membranes is that the lipid bilayer disrupts when subjected to an areal strain ( A/A) c of 3%, and a corresponding, critical, isotropic tension, T c , of 10 mN m −1 (1 mN m −1 = 1 dyne cm −1 ). RBCs suspended in a fluid medium tend to deform in accordance with the deformation of the surrounding fluid medium. The fluid flow-field is lytically effective if the membrane deformation exceeds the above threshold value.From kinematic analysis, motion of an elementary fluid particle can always be decomposed into a uniform translation, an extensional flow (e.g. u ∞ (x, y, z) = (k(t)x, −k(t)y, 0)) along three mutually perpendicular axes, and a rigid rotation of these axes. However, only an extensional flow causes deformation of a fluid particle, and consequently deforms the RBC membrane. In SWL, a fluid flow-field, induced by a non-uniform shock wave, as well as radial expansion/implosion of a bubble, has been hypothesized to cause lysis of cells. Both the above flow-fields constitute an unsteady, extensional flow, which exerts inertial as well as viscous forces on the RBC membrane. The transient inertial force (expressed as a tension, or force/length), is given by T iner ∼ ρr 3 c k/τ , where τ is a timescale of the transient flow and r c is a characteristic cell size. When the membrane is deformed due to inertial effects, membrane strain is given by A/A ∼ kτ . The transient viscous force is given by T visc ∼ ρ(ν/τ ) 1/2 r 2 c k, where ρ and ν are the fluid density and kinematic viscosity. For the non-uniform shock, the extensional flow exerts an inertial force, T iner ≈ 64 mN m −1 , for a duration of 3 ns, sufficient to induce pores in the RBC membrane. For a radial flow-field, induced by bubble expansion/implosion, the inertial forces are of a magnitude 100 mN m −1 , which last for a duration of 1 µs, sufficient to cause rupture. Bubble-induced radial flow is predicted to be

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 56%

Mechanical haemolysis in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL): I. Analysis of cell deformation due to SWL flow-fields

Lokhandwalla¹,

Sturtevant²

2001

Phys. Med. Biol.

105

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“…[7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Potential reasons are the requirement for special absorptive coatings or membranes with some of the laser-based methods, the frequent use of UV or IR wavelengths, and the difficulty in combining the complicated illumination geometry with subsequent cellular analysis for some of the strategies. 7,8,[10][11][12][15][16][17] The development and characterization of laser-based methods utilizing visible wavelengths and simple optical geometries without the need for specialized coatings may increase the utility of laser-based cell loading.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of Cellular Optoporation with Distance

et al. 2000

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“…Also, violent ejection of material from the surface of the ablation site was not observed, as has been noted with pulsed holmium lasers. From the standpoint of acoustic injury at the cellular level, it has been shown that stress transients greater than 30 bar/ns produce acoustic injury to EMT-6 cells [20]. Although we did not directly measure the stress transients generated by the cw laser, the irradiation conditions are well below those expected to produce such high stresses.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Characterization of tissue ablation with a continuous wave holmium laser

1996

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Background and Objective The pulsed holmium laser is a promising tool for tissue ablation but possesses some limitations. For example, it is capable of producing significant mechanical damage in certain tissues in the form of fissures and fractures. Because longer pulse durations should reduce mechanical damage, this study examined the tissue effects produced by a prototype continuous wave holmium laser. Study Design/Materials and Methods A prototype liquid nitrogen cooled holmium operating at 2.12 μm was used. The heat of ablation and ablation threshold were determined using a mass loss technique. Fresh pig skin was irradiated in air or under saline, and prepared for histologic analysis. Hemostasis was qualitatively assessed in vivo during incisions made in the skin, liver, and small intestine. Results Threshold radiant exposure and heat of ablation were calculated from the mass loss measurements to be 191 J/cm2 with a 95% confidence interval of −80–440 J/cm2. Residual thermal damage in skin ranged from 390 to 690 μm in saline and from 390 to 490 μm in air. Excellent hemostasis was achieved in all incisions. Conclusion Using appropriate irradiation parameters, the continuous wave holmium laser produces tissue effects suitable for a general use surgical instrument. In addition, the laser source could become compact and inexpensive when diode‐pumped and direct diode devices become available. © 1996 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

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Physical factors involved in stress-wave-induced cell injury: The effect of stress gradient

Cited by 78 publications

References 27 publications

Mechanical haemolysis in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL): I. Analysis of cell deformation due to SWL flow-fields

Mechanical haemolysis in shock wave lithotripsy (SWL): I. Analysis of cell deformation due to SWL flow-fields

Characterization of Cellular Optoporation with Distance

Characterization of tissue ablation with a continuous wave holmium laser

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