Physical fitness matters more than physical activity in controlling cardiovascular disease risk factors

Sassen, Barbara; Cornelissen, Véronique; Kiers, Henri; Wittink, Harriët; Kok, Gerjo; Vanhees, Luc

doi:10.1097/hjr.0b013e3283312e94

Cited by 133 publications

(107 citation statements)

References 34 publications

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“…The available data in this area suggests that CRF is the more clinically important predictor of CV and mortality outcomes 60,61 after controlling for CV risk factors. 62 However, it is important to consider (as stated in a recent review article by Blair et al 63 ) that much of the epidemiological data evaluating PA and CVD risk has been determined through self-report questionnaires whereas high CRF, after accounting for genetic heritability (which is extremely important), 64 is primarily determined by regular PA. Simply stated, CRF may be a better measure of habitual PA than are responses to self-report questionnaires.…”

Section: Is Pa or Crf Level The Best Predictor Of CV Mortality?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Exercise Training in Primary and Secondary Coronary Prevention

Swift

Lavie

Johannsen

et al. 2013

Circ J

286

218

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Section: Is Pa or Crf Level The Best Predictor Of CV Mortality?mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Exercise Training in Primary and Secondary Coronary Prevention

Swift

Lavie

Johannsen

et al. 2013

Circ J

286

218

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“…In an observational study of 25,714 EUROPEAN ENDOCRINOLOGY adult men, low CRF was a strong and independent predictor of CVD and all-cause mortality in all BMI groups. 37 In an 8-year observational study of 21,925 men, unfit (low CRF), normal weight men had double the risk of all-cause mortality compared with fit, normal weight men (relative risk [RR] 2.07; p=0.01).…”

Section: The Role Of Adiposity In Type 2 Diabetesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies suggest that CRF is more important than PA in predicting CV and all-cause mortality. 24,25 A large cohort study (31,818 men and 10,555 women) found that CRF was more strongly associated with all-cause mortality than was PA. The authors concluded that the stronger associations with CRF were most likely due to inherent error and misclassification in self-reported PA. 26 However, a meta-analysis of 23 sex-specific cohorts of PA or CRF (representing 1,325,004 person-years of follow up) attempted to correlate PA and CRF and concluded that while the two are related, there is a poor correlation between PA and CRF, particularly at low fitness levels.…”

Section: Which Is More Important -Cardiorespiratory Fitness or Physicmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exercise is Medicine—The Importance of Physical Activity, Exercise Training, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Lavie¹,

Johannsen

Swift

et al. 2014

European Endocrinology

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Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and premature mortality. Diet and physical activity (PA)-based lifestyle interventions have been shown to prevent progression to type 2 diabetes in patients at high risk. Regular PA substantially reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes and a high level of PA is associated with a substantial reduction in type 2 diabetes risk. In addition, there is strong evidence suggesting a steep inverse relationship between both PA and cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes. Of particular concern is the dramatic, steep increase in mortality among patients with low CRF. An important point is that obese individuals who are at least moderately fit have a lower mortality risk than those who are normal weight but unfit. A large body of evidence demonstrates that exercise improves glycaemic control in type 2 diabetes; the greatest improvements are achieved with combined aerobic and resistance training. A primary goal of public health strategies is to promote PA and move patients out of the least fit, highrisk cohort by increasing PA among the least active. Any plan to deal with the global epidemic of type 2 diabetes must give major attention to low PA and how this can be reversed in the general population. KeywordsFitness, mortality, physical activity, exercise, type 2 diabetes 1 In 2012, type 2 diabetes imposed direct and indirect costs of an estimated $245 billion in the US.2 It is estimated that low levels of physical activity (PA) causes 7 % of the global burden of disease from type 2 diabetes, and that inactivity causes more deaths than smoking. 3In addition to type 2 diabetes, low PA has been demonstrated to contribute to obesity, coronary heart disease (CHD)/myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, hypertension (HTN), dyslipidaemia, osteoporosis and cancer (colon, breast and bowel). 4,5 As a result, sedentary lifestyles are one of the most significant public health problems of the 21st century. Low PA was directly responsible for 3 % of disability adjusted life-years in the UK in 2002.6 Furthermore, it has been estimated that low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) was the cause of approximately 16 % of deaths in the Aerobics Center Longitudinal Study, which was more than the combined number of deaths due to smoking, obesity and diabetes in this population.7 Despite the known risks of low PA, there have been substantial declines in PA over the past decades. Over the last 50 years in the US, it has been estimated that daily occupation-related PA has decreased by more than 100 calories, 8 and household management PA has fallen by well over this amount.9 In addition to the effects of PA on morbidity and mortality, there are clear economic reasons to improve PA: a US cohort study (8,000 health plan members and national population percentage estimates derived from the National Health Interview Survey) found that low PA, overweight and obesity were associated with 23 % of ...

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“…Although CRF is hereditary to a large extent, physical training and exercise can increase CRF which is known to mediate the effects of PA on adiposity and cardiometabolic biomarkers in adults [3,4]. In fact, it has been shown that improvement in CRF can lower allcause mortality and cardiometabolic risk without a reduction in body weight or adiposity in adults.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Physical Fitness and Obesity in Children: The Role of Vigorous Physical ActivityMoncton

Yin¹

2017

AOWMC

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We proposed a physical fitness oriented approach in the prevention of childhood obesity based on the literature and our own studies. We believe that obesity prevention should focus on various attributes of physical fitness using moderate and vigorous intensity physical activities. We specifically argued for the importance of vigorous physical activity in reaching energy balance and preventing obesity in children.

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Physical fitness matters more than physical activity in controlling cardiovascular disease risk factors

Cited by 133 publications

References 34 publications

Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Exercise Training in Primary and Secondary Coronary Prevention

Physical Activity, Cardiorespiratory Fitness, and Exercise Training in Primary and Secondary Coronary Prevention

Exercise is Medicine—The Importance of Physical Activity, Exercise Training, Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Obesity in the Prevention and Treatment of Type 2 Diabetes

Physical Fitness and Obesity in Children: The Role of Vigorous Physical ActivityMoncton

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