Physical Properties of Rice Residues as Affected by Variety and Climatic and Cultivation Onditions in Three Continents

Abstract

Rice husk and straw are by-products of rice cultivation and processing industry and can be used as an energy source. Proper understanding of the physical properties of rice residues is necessary for utilizing them in thermochemical conversion processes such as gasification and combustion. The physical properties (moisture content, particle size, bulk density and porosity) of rice husks and straws obtained from three countries (Egypt, Cuba and China) were evaluated in this study. The moisture contents of rice husks and straws were in the ranges of 4.60-6.07% and 6.58-6.92%, respectively. For all rice varieties tested, the moisture content of the straws was higher than these of the husks. The particle sizes of rice husks and straws were in the ranges of 0.212-0.850 mm and 0-0.710 mm, respectively. All the rice husk varieties had a normal distribution of particle size around the main value of 0.6 mm while the particle size distribution for the rice straws showed a decreasing trend, the larger the particle size the higher was the weight percentage. The bulk density of rice husks and straws were in the ranges of 331.59-380.54 kg m -3 and 162. 03-194.48 kg m -3 , respectively. The bulk density values of rice straws were lower than those of rice husks. A negative linear relationship between the bulk density and the average particle size was observed for rice husks and straws. The porosity of rice husks and straws were in the ranges of 63.64-68.94% and 71.21-85.28%, respectively. A positive linear relationship between the porosity and the average particle size was observed for rice husks and straws. Also, a negative linear relationship between the porosity and the bulk density was observed. The results obtained from this study showed significant differences in the physical properties of the rice husks and straws collected from different countries (located in three different continents). These differences may be due to variations in climatic conditions, soil type, methods of cultivation and type of fertilizer used. The results also indicated that different parts of rice plant (straw and husk) had different physical properties. Also, significant differences were observed among rice varieties even though they were grown under the same climatic conditions using same soil type and cultivation method as in the case of the long and short grain rice variety of Egypt.

Biomass for thermochemical conversion: targets and challenges

“…Where possible, values reported are on a dry matter basis, and using similar methods. Comparing values across methods is especially problematic for bulk density, moisture, cellulose, and lignin as standardized methods are not always practiced or described, and some methods are more accurate than others.**Only individual values were found in the literature review.aMani et al, 2004; Oak Ridge National Laboratory, 2008; Petrolia, 2008; Carpenter et al, 2010; Chevanan et al, 2010; Vassilev et al, 2010; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 2012; Tao et al, 2012a,b; Zhao et al, 2012a.bSmith et al, 1985; Coovattanachai, 1989; Spokas, 2010; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 2012; Tao et al, 2012a,b; Zhao et al, 2012a.cJenkins et al, 1998; McKendry, 2002a; Mani et al, 2004; Lam et al, 2008; Carroll and Somerville, 2009; Wu et al, 2009; Carpenter et al, 2010; Chevanan et al, 2010; Spokas, 2010; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 2012; Tao et al, 2012a,b.dJenkins et al, 1998; Wu et al, 2009; Allison et al, 2010; Kargbo et al, 2010; Vassilev et al, 2010; Jahn et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2011; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 2012; Tao et al, 2012a,b; Zhang et al, 2012; Zhao et al, 2012a.eJenkins et al, 1998; Kaar et al, 1998; Tsai et al, 2006; Spokas, 2010; Vassilev et al, 2010; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 2012; Tao et al, 2012a,b.fFahmi et al, 2008; Lindh et al, 2009; Allison et al, 2010; Vassilev et al, 2010; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 2012; Tao et al, 2012a,b.gJenkins et al, …”

“…dJenkins et al, 1998; Wu et al, 2009; Allison et al, 2010; Kargbo et al, 2010; Vassilev et al, 2010; Jahn et al, 2011; Liu et al, 2011; Energy Research Centre of the Netherlands, 2012; Tao et al, 2012a,b; Zhang et al, 2012; Zhao et al, 2012a.…”

Evaluation of Nitrogen-Corrected Apparent Metabolizable Energy and Standardized Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility of Different Sources of Rice and Rice Milling Byproducts in Broilers

“…In rice processing, about 30% rice byproducts generated. Broken rice (BR) is one of the byproduct during the millings and rice bran is the brown layer of dehulled rice and includes several sub-layers within the pericarp and aleurone layers [2,3]. Rice byproducts are usually not for human consumption but could be used as a feed ingredient for livestock [4,5].…”

“…1 NFD = Nitrogen-free diet 2. Provided per kilogram of diet: vitamin A, 9500 IU; vitamin D3, 62.5 µg; vitamin K3, 2.65 mg; vitamin B1, 2 mg; vitamin B2, 6 mg; vitamin B12, 0.025 mg; vitamin E, 30 IU; biotin, 0.0325mg; folic acid, 1.25 mg; pantothenic, 12 mg; niacin, 50 mg; Cu, 8 mg; Zn, 75 mg; Fe, 80 mg; Mn, 100 mg; Se, 0.15 mg; I, 0.35 mg.…”

Comprehensive Investigation Into the Exergy Values of Six Rice Husks

“…These include moisture content, bulk density, particle size, porosity, heating values, proximate analysis, ultimate analysis, ash composition and ash characteristics (Mansaray and Ghaly, 1997;Zhang et al, 2012;Shen et al, 2012;Kaewkhao and Limsuwan, 2012). However, the exergy of rice husk has not been reported.…”