Physical Random Numbers Generated by Radioactivity

Yoshizawa, Yasukazu; Kimura, Hiroshi; Inoue, Hikaru; Fujita, Keiko; Toyama, M.; Miyatake, Osamu

doi:10.5183/jjscs1988.12.67

Cited by 14 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The conditional min-entropy of {d} is then (1) where H ∞ (d|x) ≡ − log 2 min d P (d|x) is the conditional minentropy of a single symbol generated with conditions x. Note that H ∞ ({d}|{x}) does not depend on the order of the elements of {x}, so that a knowledge of the relative frequencies F rel (x) with which the conditions x appear in {x} is sufficient to compute the mean min-entropy per symbol,…”

Section: Randomness Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Processes used have included radioactive decay [1], path-splitting of single photons [2], photon number path entanglement [3], amplified spontaneous emission [4], measurement of the phase noise of a laser [5][6][7][8], photon arrival time [9], vacuum-seeded bistable processes [10], and stimulated Raman scattering [11]. Quantum random number generators (QRNGs) are attractive because their randomness can be linked to well-tested principles of quantum mechanics, e.g., the uncertainty principle [12], which guarantees a minimum amount of randomness in some physical quantities.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Strong experimental guarantees in ultrafast quantum random number generation

2015

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We describe a methodology and standard of proof for experimental claims of quantum random-number generation (QRNG), analogous to well-established methods from precision measurement. For appropriately constructed physical implementations, lower bounds on the quantum contribution to the average min-entropy can be derived from measurements on the QRNG output. Given these bounds, randomness extractors allow generation of nearly perfect " -random" bit streams. An analysis of experimental uncertainties then gives experimentally derived confidence levels on the randomness of these sequences. We demonstrate the methodology by application to phase-diffusion QRNG, driven by spontaneous emission as a trusted randomness source. All other factors, including classical phase noise, amplitude fluctuations, digitization errors, and correlations due to finite detection bandwidth, are treated with paranoid caution, i.e., assuming the worst possible behaviors consistent with observations. A data-constrained numerical optimization of the distribution of untrusted parameters is used to lower bound the average min-entropy. Under this paranoid analysis, the QRNG remains efficient, generating at least 2.3 quantum random bits per symbol with 8-bit digitization and at least 0.83 quantum random bits per symbol with binary digitization at a confidence level of 0.999 93. The result demonstrates ultrafast QRNG with strong experimental guarantees.

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Section: Randomness Quantificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Strong experimental guarantees in ultrafast quantum random number generation

2015

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“…Therefore, hardware based on quantum systems were proposed for the generation of random numbers e.g. path-splitting of photons [3], the phase noise of a laser [4,5], radio active decay [6], Raman scattering [7], and the arrival time of photons [8]. Yet, how can we trust that the generated random numbers are not subject to some underlying predictability originating from the construction of the hardware, i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Increased certification of semi-device independent random numbers using many inputs and more post-processing

et al. 2016

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Quantum communication with systems of dimension larger than two provides advantages in information processing tasks. Examples include higher rates of key distribution and random number generation. The main disadvantage of using such multi-dimensional quantum systems is the increased complexity of the experimental setup. Here, we analyze a not-so-obvious problem: the relation between randomness certification and computational requirements of the post-processing of experimental data. In particular, we consider semi-device independent randomness certification from an experiment using a four dimensional quantum system to violate the classical bound of a random access code. Using state-of-the-art techniques, a smaller quantum violation requires more computational power to demonstrate randomness, which at some point becomes impossible with today's computers although the randomness is (probably) still there. We show that by dedicating more input settings of the experiment to randomness certification, then by more computational postprocessing of the experimental data which corresponds to a quantum violation, one may increase the amount of certified randomness. Furthermore, we introduce a method that significantly lowers the computational complexity of randomness certification. Our results show how more randomness can be generated without altering the hardware and indicate a path for future semi-device independent protocols to follow.

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“…A subset of physical RNGs, known as quantum RNGs (QRNGs) use a physical process with randomness derived from quantum processes. Processes used include radioactive decay [7], two-path splitting of single photons [8], photon number path entanglement [9], amplified spontaneous emission [10], measurement of the phase noise of a laser [11][12][13], photon arrival time [14], and vacuum-seeded bistable processes [15]. These physical RNGs and QRNGs show a trade-off between speed of generation and surety of the random bits generated: chaotic and ASE sources [5,6,16,17] reach hundreds of Gbps using signals that include contributions from both random and in-principle predictable sources, e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ultra-fast quantum randomness generation by accelerated phase diffusion in a pulsed laser diode

Abellán¹,

Amaya²,

Jofre³

et al. 2014

Opt. Express

141

137

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Abstract:We demonstrate a high bit-rate quantum random number generator by interferometric detection of phase diffusion in a gain-switched DFB laser diode. Gain switching at few-GHz frequencies produces a train of bright pulses with nearly equal amplitudes and random phases. An unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer is used to interfere subsequent pulses and thereby generate strong random-amplitude pulses, which are detected and digitized to produce a high-rate random bit string. Using established models of semiconductor laser field dynamics, we predict a regime of high visibility interference and nearly complete vacuum-fluctuation-induced phase diffusion between pulses. These are confirmed by measurement of pulse power statistics at the output of the interferometer. Using a 5.825 GHz excitation rate and 14-bit digitization, we observe 43 Gbps quantum randomness generation.

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Physical Random Numbers Generated by Radioactivity

Cited by 14 publications

References 6 publications

Strong experimental guarantees in ultrafast quantum random number generation

Strong experimental guarantees in ultrafast quantum random number generation

Increased certification of semi-device independent random numbers using many inputs and more post-processing

Ultra-fast quantum randomness generation by accelerated phase diffusion in a pulsed laser diode

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