Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players

Sakata, Jun; Nakamura, Emi; Suzukawa, Makoto; Akaike, Atsushi; Shimizu, K

doi:10.1177/0363546516663931

Cited by 83 publications

(131 citation statements)

References 31 publications

(61 reference statements)

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“…Twenty‐eight articles focused on pain of the elbow and/or shoulder related to overhead sports, published between 1965 and 2017. The studies were conducted in the USA, Japan, Norway, Brazil, Taiwan, and the UK . Sixteen of the articles that reported pain as outcome were cross‐sectional studies, nine articles collected data prospectively, and two studies had a retrospective design …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for elbow and shoulder overuse injuries in youth athletes: A systematic review

et al. 2019

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Background:In order to create sport-specific preventive measures to enhance healthy sport participation in youth athletes, valid data on incidence, prevalence, and etiology of overuse injuries have to be identified. This systematic review aims to provide an update on incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for overuse injuries of the elbow and shoulder in youth athletes participating in overhead sports. Materials and Methods: MEDLINE and EMBASE were searched from inception until January 19, 2018, for studies that reported incidence, prevalence, or risk factors for overuse injuries or pain of the elbow and shoulder in youth overhead athletes. Results: In total, 36 studies were included. Incidence rates of overuse injuries of the elbow and shoulder were highest in tennis, baseball, and softball. Incidence and prevalence of elbow pain in baseball were 12%-58% and 17%-35%, respectively. Incidence of shoulder pain was 8%-32% for baseball, 47% for basketball, 63% for handball, and 52% for volleyball. Prevalence of shoulder pain was 9%-16% for baseball, 41% for basketball, 32%-49% for handball, and 40% for volleyball. Risk factors for pain were almost exclusively described for youth baseball players and included playing position, throwing technique, and intensity and duration of training. Conclusions: Incidence and prevalence of overuse injuries and pain of the elbow and shoulder are high in youth overhead athletes. Interpretation is challenging as different definitions are used to report overuse injuries and pain. Risk factors in youth baseball are largely covered by preventive pitch-count restrictions; knowledge on risk factors in other overhead sports is currently lacking. K E Y W O R D Sathletic injuries, elbow, overhead sports, overuse injuries, risk factors, shoulder

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for elbow and shoulder overuse injuries in youth athletes: A systematic review

et al. 2019

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“…Until now, various injury prevention programs have been carried out to try to prevent elbow injury in baseball players. These include studies of pitching form using a three-dimensional motion analysis system, [29][30][31][32] studies of the relationship between physical functions and injuries, 22,33 basic studies on the elbow joint by evaluation such as using ultrasound scanning or radiographs, [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18] and encouraging a limitation of the number of pitches in a game. 20,34 However, although these prevention projects have been carried out, it is reported that the number of UCL reconstruction surgeries in recent years has increased, 35 suggesting that these preventative measures are not effective or are not being used effectively.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of an Elbow Brace During Repetitive Pitching Does Not Cause an Increased Mechanical Burden on the Throwing Arm

Hattori

Akasaka

Otsudo

et al. 2019

PM&R

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Background Repetitive pitching induces an increase in medial elbow joint space gapping and may consequently lead to local tissue stress and injury. Use of an elbow brace may prevent this from occurring by preventing an increase of medial elbow joint space gapping. However, an elbow brace adds weight to the limb and may increase the burden on the throwing arm. Objective To investigate whether use of an elbow brace during repetitive pitching reduces shoulder and arm range of motion and grip strength. Design Prospective crossover study. Setting University campus. Participants Twenty‐five healthy high school baseball players. Methods Each participant pitched 100 times under two conditions: without an elbow brace (control) and wearing an elbow brace. Main Outcome Measurements Shoulder and elbow range of motion (ROM) before pitching and after every block of 20 pitches. Grip strength before pitching and after 100 pitches. Results There was no significant main effect and interaction for ROM between the two conditions and between pitching sets. In both conditions, grip strength after 100 pitches was significantly lower than that before pitching (P < .05). When the two conditions were compared, there was no significant difference before pitching or after 100 pitches. Conclusions Use of elbow brace does not alter shoulder and elbow ROM or decrease grip strength after repetitive pitching up to 100 times compared with a no brace condition. An elbow brace can be used during repetitive pitching without causing an increased mechanical burden on the throwing arm. Level of Evidence II

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“…Thus, it is unclear what the influences are on the elbow extension deficit observed in this study and what influences directly change the mechanical stress on the elbow during throwing. In a prospective survey of elementary school baseball players, Sakata et al 21) suggested that if the elbow extension deficit is more than 5°, it is a risk factor for the occurrence of elbow injury later. Therefore, decreased elbow extension ROM of the throwing side may have occurred before the occurrence of pain; and it is necessary to prospectively evaluate junior high school baseball players in the future.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of physical functions on location of arm pain in youth baseball players

Nakamura

Edama

Kikumoto

et al. 2019

JPFSM

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The impact of characteristic physical functions on location of arm pain in youth baseball players is unclear. This study aimed to identify the differences in characteristic physical functions between youth baseball players with and without throwing-related arm pain and to clarify these differences according to location of shoulder and elbow pain during pitching. One-hundred nine junior high school baseball players (aged 12-15 years) who participated in a medical checkup underwent clinical assessment, ultrasonography, and physical function measurements. Bilateral passive range of motion (ROM) of the shoulder and elbow were measured. Shoulder muscle tests measured the strength of the throwing arm. Before the examinations, participants completed a questionnaire about their age, gender, years of play, and position in baseball. Participants were divided into 4 groups according to arm pain: non-injured group (no pain), shoulder pain group, medial elbow pain group, and osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the humeral capitellum group. Group differences in physical function and baseball exposure variables were analyzed through parametric and nonparametric tests. Twenty-six players sustained throwing-related pain in the shoulder or elbow. Elbow extension and flexion deficits were significantly greater with elbow injury. Our study suggests that dominant elbow extension and flexion ROM may increase the risk of throwing-related elbow pain in junior high school baseball players. We could not clarify the characteristics of shoulder pain in this study; thus, further research is required to improve understanding of these characteristics and their implications.

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Physical Risk Factors for a Medial Elbow Injury in Junior Baseball Players: A Prospective Cohort Study of 353 Players

Cited by 83 publications

References 31 publications

Incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for elbow and shoulder overuse injuries in youth athletes: A systematic review

Incidence, prevalence, and risk factors for elbow and shoulder overuse injuries in youth athletes: A systematic review

Use of an Elbow Brace During Repetitive Pitching Does Not Cause an Increased Mechanical Burden on the Throwing Arm

Impact of physical functions on location of arm pain in youth baseball players

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