Physical studies on carrageenin and carrageenin fractions

Smith, David B.; Cook, W. H.; Neal, J. L.

doi:10.1016/0003-9861(54)90246-5

Cited by 65 publications

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References 18 publications

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“…An aqueous soluiiorl of conlmercial carrageenin' was treated with potassiuin chloride, and the resulting gel removed as previously described (7,8). The A-carrageenin was precipitated from the nlother liquor by addition of ethanol to a final concentration of 38-40To (v/v), and was collected in a Sharples centrifuge.…”

Section: Preparatiott Of A-carrageenilzmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…I t has been shown (6) to be cornposed of residues of 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose and sulphated D-galactose in approximately equimolar amounts. The other major polysaccharide co~nponent is insensitive to potassium ion, and can be recovered fro111 the mother liquor by ethanol precipitation (5,7,8) ; this fraction has been ter~necl A-carrageenin. In addition to K-and A-carrageenin, minor amounts of other polysaccharides occur in carrageenin preparations as indicated by the detection of s~nall amounts of L-galactose, glucose, ancl xylose in hydrolyzates (8).…”

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“…The polysaccharide was isolatecl from commercial carrageenin by fractionation with potassiu~n chloride (5,7,8). Analytical figures for three separate preparations are show11…”

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DEGRADATIVE STUDIES ON Λ-Carrageenin

Morgan¹,

O'Neill²

1959

Can. J. Chem.

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The name carrageenin (1, 2) n7as first applied to the polysaccharide which can be extracted with hot water from certain red seaweeds, where it occurs as an intercellular constituent. The main source ol carrageenin is the alga Chondrzis crispus, but similar material has been isolated from C. ocellat~is (3) and Gigartina stellata (4).In 1953, Smith and Coolc (5) reported the separation of two major discrete polysaccharide components from carrageenin. This was achieved by fractionation with potassiu~n chloride which, when added to a dilute solution of carrageenin, causes one component to gel. This gel fraction, which constitutes approximately forty per cent of unfractionated carrageenin, has been designated K-carrageenin. I t has been shown (6) to be cornposed of residues of 3,6-anhydro-D-galactose and sulphated D-galactose in approximately equimolar amounts. The other major polysaccharide co~nponent is insensitive to potassium ion, and can be recovered fro111 the mother liquor by ethanol precipitation (5,7,8) ; this fraction has been ter~necl A-carrageenin. In addition to K-and A-carrageenin, minor amounts of other polysaccharides occur in carrageenin preparations as indicated by the detection of s~nall amounts of L-galactose, glucose, ancl xylose in hydrolyzates (8).Although the structure of A-carrageenin has not been extensively investigated, results from X-ray analysis (9) and periodate oxiclation (8) of the polysaccharide, together \vith data from methylation of unfractionated carrageenin (4, 10, ll., 12), suggest that it consists essentially of a sulphated galactan in which D-galactose residues are linked glycosidicall~~ through positions 1 and 3, ancl bear sulphate half-ester groups on position 4. The purpose of the present work was to obtain clefinitive evidence for the fundamental structural linkage in A-carrageenin.The polysaccharide was isolatecl from commercial carrageenin by fractionation with potassiu~n chloride (5,7,8). Analytical figures for three separate preparations are show11in Table I. Acid hyclrolyzates of the preparations were shown chromatographically t o contain galactose ancl a trace of xylose only. Since sulphatecl polysaccharides do not lend the~nselves easily to examination by exhaustive methylation, a ~nethoct involving partial degradation was indicated. This was accomplished most satisEactorily by acetolysis, in which degradation of the polymer was accompanied by rapid desulphation to give a good yield of neutral oligosaccharide acetates.A-Carrageenin was treated with a mixture of acetic anhydride and acetic acid containing sulphuric acid (6%) a t 25' C for 71 hours, and the sulphate-free product was deacetylated

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Section: Preparatiott Of A-carrageenilzmentioning

confidence: 99%

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DEGRADATIVE STUDIES ON Λ-Carrageenin

Morgan¹,

O'Neill²

1959

Can. J. Chem.

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“…Purified forms of CAR vary as to type, namely, CARkappa (c), -lambda (l) and -iota (i), according to total sulphate-content distribution as well as molecular configuration. Different cell effects can be observed depending on the type, dose and administration route, as well as on the mouse strain used Fowler, 1981, Vijayakumar et al, 1990) The CAR-l and i were found to suppress leukocyte reaction (Smith et al, 1954), cytotoxic T-cell responses (Yung and Cudkowicz, 1977), antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) (Catalona et al, 1978) and natural killer activity (Kiessling et al, 1977).…”

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Ultrastructural, Immunocytochemical and Flow Cytometry Study of Mouse Peritoneal Cells Stimulated with Carrangeenan.

Valéria¹,

Correia

Tânia

et al. 2000

Cell Struct. Funct.

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ABSTRACT. In the present paper we performed a morphological characterization of mouse peritoneal cells stimulated in vivo for 24 h with carrageenan (CAR) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) by ultrastructural and flow cytometry analysis. In all samples, the flow cytometry studies showed the presence of three major populations consisting of monocytes, macrophages and lymphocytes. A special recruitment of monocytes was detected in CAR-injected mice. Macrophages and monocytes from CAR-treated mice displayed a characteristic phenotype, with a larger number of cytoplasmic vacuoles and numerous membrane projections, as compared to the cells collected from LPS-and PBS-injected mice. The induction of vacuolization was also confirmed upon in vitro treatment with CAR for 15 min to 24 h. The in vivo CAR-induced vacuoles were not related to lipid storage as judged by the lack of lipidic labeling after imidazole treatment at the ultrastructural level. In order to investigate the acidic nature of the vacuoles we used acidothropic probes, Lysotracker Yellow (LY) and Acridine Orange (AO). CAR injection activated the ability of peritoneal cells to incorporate LY around 2-5 times higher than control cells. However, the AO incorporation was 10-fold lower in CAR-stimulated cells than in LPS-stimulated ones. It is possible that the increase in intracellular vacuolization observed in CAR-stimulated cells could be related to exocytosis, since in most vacuoles the inflammatory protein MRP-14 was immunolocalized. The presence of MRP-14 in the culture supernatant of adherent peritoneal cells from CAR-injected mice was further comfirmed by ELISA, suggesting the discharge of MRP-14 enriched vacuole contents in the extracellular medium. We concluded that the morphological characteristics of activated monocytes and macrophages may depend on the nature of the triggering stimuli. Our observations reflect different functional phenotypes of monocytes/macrophages after in vivo stimulation with inflammatory agents such as CAR and LPS.

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“…Practically no information is available on the polysaccharides of ferns and mosses (Whistler and Smart, 1953), À few fungal polysaccharides have been investigated including those of several species of Pénicillium. Aspergillus and Saccharomyces (Stacey and Barker, 1960), Polysaccharides have been isolated from nine species of lichens, in which the algal component contributes glucans while mannose, galactose and some glucose containing polysaccharides are derived from the fungal portion (Smith and Montgomery, 1959).…”

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The stalk polysaccharide of the diatom Gomphonema olivaceum

Huntsman

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Physical studies on carrageenin and carrageenin fractions

Cited by 65 publications

References 18 publications

DEGRADATIVE STUDIES ON Λ-Carrageenin

DEGRADATIVE STUDIES ON Λ-Carrageenin

Ultrastructural, Immunocytochemical and Flow Cytometry Study of Mouse Peritoneal Cells Stimulated with Carrangeenan.

The stalk polysaccharide of the diatom Gomphonema olivaceum

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