Physical training improves thermogenesis and insulin pathway, and induces remodeling in white and brown adipose tissues

In prevention studies of metabolic syndrome (MetS), Ang-(1-7) has shown to improve the insulin signaling. We evaluated the HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) treatment on lipid metabolism, renin-angiotensin system (RAS) components, oxidative stress, and insulin pathway in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle and hepatic steatosis in rats with established MetS. After 7 weeks of high-fat (FAT) or control (CT) diets, rats were treated with cyclodextrin (HPβCD) or HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) in the last 6 weeks. FAT-HPβCD/empty rats showed increased adiposity index and body mass, gene expression of ACE/ANG II/AT1R axis, and oxidative stress. These results were accompanied by imbalances in the insulin pathway, worsening of liver function, hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia. Oral HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) treatment decreased ACE and AT1R, increased ACE2 gene expression in the liver, and restored thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), insulin receptor substrate (Irs-1), glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), and serine/threonine kinase 2 (AKT-2) gene expression in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle improving hepatic function, cholesterol levels, and hyperglycemia in MetS rats. Overall, HPβCD/Ang-(1-7) treatment restored the RAS components, oxidative stress, and insulin signaling in the liver and gastrocnemius muscle contributing to the establishment of blood glucose and lipid homeostasis in MetS rats.

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“…Adiposity index was measured by the formula [inguinal fat + epididymal fat + retroperitoneal fat absolute] [15].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Antioxidant Effects of Oral Ang-(1-7) Restore Insulin Pathway and RAS Components Ameliorating Cardiometabolic Disturbances in Rats

Figueiredo

Barbosa

Castro

et al. 2019

Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity

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“…Exercise is an effective therapy to improve glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscle [80,81], heart [82], and WAT [28,83]. Since BAT plays an important role in regulating glucose metabolism, several studies have investigated how exercise can affect glucose uptake in BAT [29,33,72,73,79] (Table 1).…”

Section: The Role Of Bat In Glucose Metabolism In Response To Coldmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some rodent studies have shown that exercise (treadmill training or swimming) [29,72] increases the expression of proteins related to insulin signaling in BAT. This would indicate an increase in glucose uptake into BAT, but that was not directly measured in these studies.…”

Section: The Role Of Bat In Glucose Metabolism In Response To Coldmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity

Silva

Hernández-Saavedra

White

et al. 2019

Biology

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The rise in obesity over the last several decades has reached pandemic proportions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that is involved in energy expenditure and represents an attractive target to combat both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cold exposure and exercise training are two stimuli that have been investigated with respect to BAT activation, metabolism, and the contribution of BAT to metabolic health. These two stimuli are of great interest because they have both disparate and converging effects on BAT activation and metabolism. Cold exposure is an effective mechanism to stimulate BAT activity and increase glucose and lipid uptake through mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in metabolic benefits including elevated energy expenditure and increased insulin sensitivity. Exercise is a therapeutic tool that has marked benefits on systemic metabolism and affects several tissues, including BAT. Compared to cold exposure, studies focused on BAT metabolism and exercise display conflicting results; the majority of studies in rodents and humans demonstrate a reduction in BAT activity and reduced glucose and lipid uptake and storage. In addition to investigations of energy uptake and utilization, recent studies have focused on the effects of cold exposure and exercise on the structural lipids in BAT and secreted factors released from BAT, termed batokines. Cold exposure and exercise induce opposite responses in terms of structural lipids, but an important overlap exists between the effects of cold and exercise on batokines. In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences of cold exposure and exercise in relation to their effects on BAT activity and metabolism and its relevance for the prevention of obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes.

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“…Although AMPK was not measured in the current study, it may explain the increase in GLUT4 in response to training, independent to the insulin signalling cascade. In rodent models, exercise training has been shown to increase the enzymes associated with mitochondrial biogenesis, oxygen consumption rate, GLUT4 and reduce UCP2 in SAT (inguinal) 29,30 . Similarly, aSAT was the only depot in which oxygen flux through Leak ETF respiration was reduced and mitochondrial coupling control ratios increased, which was further supported our increase in GLUT4 gene expression in response to exercise training.…”

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confidence: 99%

Exercise training results in depot-specific adaptations to adipose tissue mitochondrial function

Mendham

Larsen

George

et al. 2020

Sci Rep

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We assessed differences in mitochondrial function in gluteal (gSAT) and abdominal subcutaneous adipose tissue (aSAT) at baseline and in response to 12-weeks of exercise training; and examined depot-specific associations with body fat distribution and insulin sensitivity (S i). Obese, black South African women (n = 45) were randomized into exercise (n = 23) or control (n = 22) groups. Exercise group completed 12-weeks of aerobic and resistance training (n = 20), while the control group (n = 15) continued usual behaviours. Mitochondrial function (high-resolution respirometry and fluorometry) in gSAT and aSAT, S i (frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test), body composition (dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry), and ectopic fat (MRI) were assessed pre-and post-intervention. At baseline, gSAT had higher mitochondrial respiratory capacity and hydrogen peroxide (H 2 o 2) production than aSAT (p < 0.05). Higher gSAT respiration was associated with higher gynoid fat (p < 0.05). Higher gSAt H 2 o 2 production and lower aSAT mitochondrial respiration were independently associated with lower S i (p < 0.05). In response to training, S i improved and gynoid fat decreased (p < 0.05), while H 2 o 2 production reduced in both depots, and mtDNA decreased in gSAT (p < 0.05). Mitochondrial respiration increased in aSAT and correlated with a decrease in body fat and an increase in soleus and hepatic fat content (p < 0.05). This study highlights the importance of understanding the differences in mitochondrial function in multiple SAT depots when investigating the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and associated risk factors such as body fat distribution and ectopic lipid deposition. Furthermore, we highlight the benefits of exercise training in stimulating positive adaptations in mitochondrial function in gluteal and abdominal SAT depots.

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Physical training improves thermogenesis and insulin pathway, and induces remodeling in white and brown adipose tissues

Cited by 21 publications

References 40 publications

Antioxidant Effects of Oral Ang-(1-7) Restore Insulin Pathway and RAS Components Ameliorating Cardiometabolic Disturbances in Rats

Antioxidant Effects of Oral Ang-(1-7) Restore Insulin Pathway and RAS Components Ameliorating Cardiometabolic Disturbances in Rats

Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity

Exercise training results in depot-specific adaptations to adipose tissue mitochondrial function

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