Physical Training Status Determines Oxidative Stress and Redox Changes in Response to an Acute Aerobic Exercise

Abstract

Objective. To assess the influence of different physical training status on exercise-induced oxidative stress and changes in cellular redox state. Methods. Thirty male subjects participated in this study and were assigned as well-trained (WT), moderately trained (MT), and untrained (UT) groups. The levels of cortisol, creatine kinase, plasma reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG), cysteine/cystine (Cys/CySS), and GSH/GSSG ratio in red blood cells (RBCs) were measured immediately and 10 and 30 min after exercise. Results. Following the exercise, plasma GSH/GSSG (p = 0.001) and Cys/CySS (p = 0.005) were significantly reduced in all groups. Reduction in plasma GSH/GSSG ratio in all groups induced a transient shift in redox balance towards a more oxidizing environment without difference between groups (p = 0.860), while RBCs GSH/GSSG showed significant reduction (p = 0.003) and elevation (p = 0.007) in UT and MT groups, respectively. The highest level of RBCs GSH/GSSG ratio was recorded in MT group, and the lowest one was recorded in the WT group. Conclusion. Long term regular exercise training with moderate intensity shifts redox balance towards more reducing environment, versus intensive exercise training leads to more oxidizing environment and consequently development of related diseases.

Exercise-Induced Acute Kidney Injury in a Police Officer with Hereditary Renal Hypouricemia

“…Renal blood flow does not change significantly after mild exercise compared with at rest [19], and low-volume sprint exercise increases plasma catalase activity, one of the antioxidative enzymes [20]. Long-term regular moderate exercise training shifts the redox balance towards a reducing environment [21]. An 18-year-old professional trainee cyclist with EAKI was diagnosed as having “acute renal failure with severe loin pain and patchy renal ischemia after anaerobic exercise” (ALPE) [18].…”

Effect of carbohydrate restriction on oxidative stress response to high‐intensity resistance exercise

“…Training status has specifically been shown to effect OS responses to acute exercise . While the majority of literature has investigated and reported chronic anti‐oxidative responses of aerobic exercise, some have reported improved antioxidant status from resistance and anaerobic training as well . Resistance exercise has also been shown to reduce OS associated with chronic diseases, including Parkinson's disease and obesity .…”

Impairment between Oxidant and Antioxidant Systems: Short- and Long-term Implications for Athletes’ Health

“…TBARS increased slightly in untrained subjects and decreased in trained runners, showing a negative correlation with AT, which is enhanced by training, thus ameliorating the tolerance to lactic acid and ammonia elimination. Accordingly, Seifi-skishahr et al [38] compared the levels of plasma-reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione (GSH/GSSG) and GSH/GSSG ratio in red blood cells in well-trained (WT), moderately trained (MT), and untrained (UT) subjects and found that 30 min after exercise the MT group showed the highest GSH/GSSG ratio, a redox biomarker, while the lowest GSH/GSSG ratio was recorded in the WT group [38]. In conclusion, long-term regular and moderate practice of aerobic physical activity protects against oxidative stress due to the adaptive response and favors the production of ROS and anti-oxidant enzymes, without causing significant damage to macromolecules, thus enhancing the tolerance of ROS without significant loss of function, in an exercise-mediated pre-condition via ROS.…”