Physically‐based facial modelling, analysis, and animation

Terzopoulos, Demetri; Waters, Keith

doi:10.1002/vis.4340010208

Cited by 457 publications

(228 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…He also used the FACS to relate the facial expressions to muscle activity. In 1990s, Terzopoulos and Waters [20] introduced a facial model that incorporates both anatomically-based muscle model and physically-based tissue model. The three layer spring mesh are skin, fatty tissues and muscles which tied to bone aimed to model more realistic anatomical facial behaviour.…”

Section: Muscle-based Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer Facial Animation: A Review

Ping¹,

Abdullah²,

Sulaiman³

et al. 2013

IJCTE

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Abstract-Computer facial animation is not a new endeavour as it had been introduced since 1970s. However, animating human face still presents interesting challenges because of its familiarity as the face is the part used to recognize individuals. Facial modelling and facial animation are important in developing realistic computer facial animation. Both modelling and animation is dependent to drive the animation. This paper reviews several geometric-based modelling (shape interpolation, parameterization and muscle-based animation) and data-driven animation (image-based techniques speech-driven techniques and performance-driven animation) techniques used in computer graphics and vision for facial animation. The main concepts and problems for each technique are highlighted in the paper.Index Terms-Computer graphics, data-driven animation, facial animation, geometric-based modelling. I. INTRODUCTIONComputer facial animation is experiencing a continuous and rapid growth since the pioneering work of Frederick I. Parke [1] in 1972. This is partly due to the increasing demand of virtual characters or avatars in the field of gaming, filming, human computer interaction and human machine communication.The human face is one of the channels in expressing the affective states. It has complex but flexible three-dimensional (3D) surfaces. To present the human face onto a computer system is a challenging task due to several goals to be achieved. According to Deng and Noh [2], the main goal in facial modelling and animation research is to develop a high adaptability system that creates realistic animation in real time mode where decreasing manual handling process. Here, high adaptability refers to the system that is easily adapted to any individuals" face.Various approaches have been proposed by the research community to improve the performance of facial animation in different aspects. Some claims that a good facial modelling and animation involving how to lip synchronization and how to use the eyes, brows and lids for expression [3]. Others believed that a facial model should include other attributes such as surface colours and textures [4].The focus of this paper is to present a review of the past and recent advancements in facial animation research. Besides, an overview of the facial animation framework is discussed to give a picture of where the modelling and animation techniques take place. The goal of this review is to improve the current computer facial animation system with the knowledge of the current advancement in this technology. II. A GENERAL FACIAL ANIMATION FRAMEWORKAnimating facial action is a tedious and complicated task. The construction of facial animation proceeds in several stages and is shown in Fig. 1. Each facial animation starts from the head model creation. The facial geometry is created from the input data either captured from images or motions. The input data are pre-processed and filtered, only the corresponding data is used to create the basis of morphable meshes. Next, geometric-based modelling is a...

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Section: Muscle-based Modellingmentioning

confidence: 99%

Computer Facial Animation: A Review

Ping¹,

Abdullah²,

Sulaiman³

et al. 2013

IJCTE

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Virtual reality deformable models. Real time simulations of linear elastic properties are based on mechanical models like the massspring models [117][118][119][120][121][122][123]. Owing to their limitations (like topological design, validity of deformations, dynamic behavior, visualization) of modeling only linear elastic properties, these models are used only to realistically animate tissue deformations, not to simulate the exact physical behavior of human soft tissue [124].…”

Section: Classification Of Hard and Soft Tissuementioning

confidence: 99%

Recent development on computer aided tissue engineering — a review

Sun¹,

Lal²

2002

Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine

333

164

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The utilization of computer-aided technologies in tissue engineering has evolved in the development of a new field of computer-aided tissue engineering (CATE). This article reviews recent development and application of enabling computer technology, imaging technology, computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD and CAM), and rapid prototyping (RP) technology in tissue engineering, particularly, in computer-aided tissue anatomical modeling, three-dimensional (3-D) anatomy visualization and 3-D reconstruction, CAD-based anatomical modeling, computer-aided tissue classification, computer-aided tissue implantation and prototype modeling assisted surgical planning and reconstruction.

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“…Terzopoulos and Waters [1] argue the advantages of using anatomy and physics rather than just geometry for facial animation, and present a mass-spring model of facial tissue with muscle actuators. Joukhadar and Laugier [2] also use a massspring model with explicit integration techniques as the foundation of a general dynamic simulation system, and Baraff and Witkin [3] use masses and springs with implicit integration to simulate cloth.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Microsurgery Simulation System

Brown

Montgomery

Latombe

et al. 2001

Medical Image Computing and Computer-Assisted Intervention – MICCAI 2001

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Abstract. Computer systems for surgical planning and training are poised to greatly impact the traditional versions of these tasks. These systems provide an opportunity to learn surgical techniques with lower costs and lower risks. We have developed a virtual environment for the graphical visualization of complex surgical objects and real-time interaction with these objects using real surgical tools. An application for microsurgical training, in which the user sutures together virtual blood vessels, has been developed. This application demonstrates many facets of our system, including deformable object simulation, tool interactions, collision detection, and suture simulation. Here we present a broad outline of the system, which can be generalized for any anastomosis or other procedures, and a detailed look at the components of the microsurgery simulation.

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Physically‐based facial modelling, analysis, and animation

Cited by 457 publications

References 14 publications

Computer Facial Animation: A Review

Computer Facial Animation: A Review

Recent development on computer aided tissue engineering — a review

A Microsurgery Simulation System

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