Physically Intensive Participant Observation: Conducting Ethnographic Fieldwork With Emergency Responders

Spradley, R. Tyler

doi:10.4135/9781526483911

Cited by 323 publications

(473 citation statements)

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“…Ethnography is founded in anthropology and is concerned with the systematic study of people and cultures 34. Data are collected through extensive observation with informal conversations, field notes and interviews 35 36. Data were collected in one general practice for depth and in a large and super diverse geographical area for breadth.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Knowledge mobilisation: an ethnographic study of the influence of lay mindlines on eczema self-management in primary care in the UK

Cowdell

2018

BMJ Open

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ObjectiveTo investigate the way in which mindlines, ‘collectively reinforced, internalised tacit guidelines’, are constructed among lay people with eczema in primary care.DesignEthnographic study.SettingObservation in one general practice in the UK and interviews across central England.ParticipantsIn observation, patients in the participating general practice regardless of presenting complaint and in interviews, people with eczema or parents of children with eczema (n=16).ResultsObservation of over 250 hours and interview data were combined and analysed using an ethnographic approach through the lenses of mindlines and self-management. Four themes were identified: doctor knows best; not worth bothering the doctor; I need to manage this myself; and how I know what to do. Themes were set within the context of four broad typologies of lay people’s approach to self-management: content to self-manage; content to accept practitioner management; self-managing by default; and those referred to secondary care.ConclusionsThis study is the first to examine how lay eczema mindlines are developed and to recognise typologies of people with different need for, and receptiveness to, information. Lay eczema mindlines are constructed in many ways. The outstanding challenge is to find strategies to revise or modify these mindlines by adding reliable and useful knowledge and by erasing outdated or inaccurate information.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…An iterative approach to data collection and analysis was used with initial findings being used to guide further data collection 35 36. Audio data were professionally transcribed.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Knowledge mobilisation: an ethnographic study of the influence of lay mindlines on eczema self-management in primary care in the UK

Cowdell

2018

BMJ Open

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“…For instance, text message reminders to female patients before scheduled breast cancer screenings were found to greatly increase screening attendance [26]. Apps have also been shown to successfully increase breast cancer screenings in rural areas as well as disseminate important breast cancer information where cultural and social constraints prevent the spread of accurate breast health information [27,28]. …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Content, Usability, and Utilization of Plain Language in Breast Cancer Mobile Phone Apps: A Systematic Analysis

Ginossar

Shah

West

et al. 2017

JMIR Mhealth Uhealth

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BackgroundBreast cancer is one of the leading contributors to preventable illness and death among women. Although mobile phone apps provide unprecedented opportunity to engage women along the cancer continuum, little is known about the availability, content, and usability of breast cancer mobile phone apps.ObjectiveThis study analyzed the content and adherence to literate design standards of all breast cancer-related apps available on the App Store and Google Play, as well as the relationship between their content, user ratings, and price.MethodsFollowing identification and downloading of all available breast cancer mobile phone apps in October 2015, 101 apps were confirmed as focusing on breast cancer. Based on prior research, we adapted and applied a content analysis scheme that was specific to breast cancer apps, including their main purpose, relevance to the cancer care continuum, and adherence to usability standards outlined by the Institute of Medicine (IOM).ResultsThe most common aim of apps was educational (73/101, 72.3%), followed by behavior change (24/101, 23.9%), fundraising (20/101, 19.8%), and advocacy (14/101, 13.9%). On the cancer continuum, primary prevention (strategies to prevent cancer cells from occurring) was mentioned in almost one-third of the apps (30/101, 29.7%). Less than half of the apps (46/101, 45.5%) presented information about mammography and/or breast clinical exam, and 53 apps (52.5%) discussed breast self-exam (which is no longer recommended). Symptoms of cancer prediagnosis, such as a lump, were discussed in almost half of the apps (48/101, 47.5%) and a similar number of apps included information about genetic risk for breast cancer (47/101, 46.5%). Information about breast cancer diagnosis was included in 42 apps (41.58%) and 43 (42.6%) apps discussed treatment options. Survivorship issues were addressed in 17 (16.8%) apps. Only one (1.0%) app discussed hospice. Adherence to usability recommendations was low. The median composite score was 3 (mean 2.60, SD 1.20) of the six recommended usability items. With eight plain language items, the median of the composite health literacy score was 5 (mean 5.06, SD 2.00). Most apps did not use easy-to-understand words (44/101, 43.6%) and few (24/101, 23.8%) defined key terms.ConclusionsCurrent breast cancer apps provide important information about breast cancer, but the most common topic covered is breast self-examination, a non-evidence-based screening strategy. Apps that focus on evidence-based strategies on the cancer continuum are needed, with a notable pressing need for apps that would address survivorship and end of life. Finally, developers of breast cancer apps should adhere to IOM standards to meet the needs of diverse populations and reduce current disparities.

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“…I performed semi-structured interviews, focus group interviews, life history case studies, and participant observation in classrooms, computing workplaces, and technology conferences (Bernard, 2006; Spradley, 2016a,b). I analyzed my data using grounded theory techniques (Strauss and Corbin, 1997; Cohen et al, 2000).…”

Section: Introduction: Methods and Frameworkmentioning

confidence: 99%

Yearning to Give Back: Searching for Social Purpose in Computer Science and Engineering

Carrigan

2017

Front. Psychol.

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Computing is highly segregated and stratified by gender. While there is abundant scholarship investigating this problem, emerging evidence suggests that a hierarchy of value exists between the social and technical dimensions of Computer Science and Engineering (CSE) and this plays a role in the underrepresentation of women in the field. This ethnographic study of women's experiences in computing offers evidence of a systemic preference for the technical dimensions of computing over the social and a correlation between gender and social aspirations. Additionally, it suggests there is a gap between the exaltation of computing's social contributions and the realities of them. My participants expressed a yearning to contribute to the collective well-being of society using their computing skills. I trace moments of rupture in my participants' stories, moments when they felt these aspirations were in conflict with the cultural values in their organizations. I interpret these ruptures within a consideration of yearning, a need my participants had to contribute meaningfully to society that remained unfulfilled. The yearning to align one's altruistic values with one's careers aspirations in CSE illuminates an area for greater exploration on the path to realizing gender equity in computing. I argue that before a case can be made that careers in computing do indeed contribute to social and civil engagements, we must first address the meaning of the social within the values, ideologies and practices of CSE institutions and next, develop ways to measure and evaluate the field's contributions to society.

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Physically Intensive Participant Observation: Conducting Ethnographic Fieldwork With Emergency Responders

Cited by 323 publications

References 0 publications

Knowledge mobilisation: an ethnographic study of the influence of lay mindlines on eczema self-management in primary care in the UK

Knowledge mobilisation: an ethnographic study of the influence of lay mindlines on eczema self-management in primary care in the UK

Content, Usability, and Utilization of Plain Language in Breast Cancer Mobile Phone Apps: A Systematic Analysis

Yearning to Give Back: Searching for Social Purpose in Computer Science and Engineering

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