Physico-chemical characteristics and Heavy metal levels in Drinking Water sources in Sokoto metropolis in North-western Nigeria

Abstract

ABSTRAC:This study investigated the physico-chemical characteristics of drinking waters collected from tap, well and sachet in Sokoto metropolis in North Western Nigeria. Conductivity and pH values were determined by standard methods while elemental composition was analysed using X-ray Fluorescence spectroscopy. Majority of the water samples had neutral pH (6.80 -7.20) few were slightly alkaline and one was acidic. Tap water samples had similar conductivity values (180 -190µS/m), sachet water samples had conductivity values ranging from 80µS/m to 260µS/m while well water samples had highest conductivity values with a sample having value above standard limit of 1,500µS/m. Heavy metals (copper and lead), rare earth metals (gallium, rubidium, strontium and vanadium) and other elements (potassium, calcium, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, zinc, arsenic, selenium, bromine and molybdenum) were detected. Result of elemental analysis showed the presence of 18 compounds in the different water samples, of which seven, namely: As, Cr, Mn, Pb, Ni, Se and Br had levels above WHO recommended permissible limits, with their attendant health implications. Generally, all the sampled waters analysed in this study failed chemical tests and therefore not suitable for drinking. @ JASEM

Maternal exposure to alkali, alkali earth, transition and other metals: Concentrations and predictors of exposure

“…Urinary antimony, beryllium, bismuth, silver, thorium and vanadium were also very low with a high percentage of nondetects. Drinking water concentrations were also low with concentrations generally below available guidelines or concentrations reported in other studies (ATSDR, 2004a,b,c;ATSDR, 2012;Raji et al, 2010).…”

Assessment and Seasonal Variations of Heavy Metals and Mineral Elements in River Sokoto, North-western Nigeria

“…Lead (Pb) was also found at high level in this study. Raji et al (2010) reported the presence of heavy metals and other elements in relatively high concentrations in the drinking waters in the same geographical zone. In another work by Raji et al (2015), it was found that water from River Sokoto contained Hg, Cd and Ag and the bottom soil sediments at two sampling points contained Pb at concentrations above WHO's permissible limit.…”

Analysis of the inhibition of PAI-1 by metal theaflavin complexes and their degradation products

“…Ca levels are mostly not regulated. However, sometimes these values are much higher in drinking water, and in extreme situations can reach as high as 25 mg/l Fe (49). All of these scenarios were within concentrations we investigated.…”

“…iii) The coordination of aluminium, Ca, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na with TFs has been reported by a number of studies (33,(41)(42)(43)(44)(45)(46)(47)(48)(49). However, O'Coinceanainn et al (22) and Tanaka et al (35) suggested that the reaction between TFs involves the formation of a metal complex, followed by subsequent decomposition or formation of the non-metallic intermediates that generate high molecular weight oxidized TF products.…”