Physico-chemical Characterization of Floridean Starch of Red Algae

Yu, Shukun; Blennow, Andreas; Bojko, Maja; Madsen, Finn; Olsen, Carl Erik; Engelsen, Søren B.

doi:10.1002/1521-379x(200202)54:2<66::aid-star66>3.0.co;2-b

Cited by 93 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…Whereas starch in most green plants consists of 15-30% of the linear b-1,4 glucan amylose and 70-85% of the branched chain b-1,4 and b-1,6 glucan amylopectin, floridean starch consists exclusively of amylopectin (Viola et al, 2001;Yu et al, 2002). The precursor for starch biosynthesis in green plants is ADP-Glc (Martin and Smith, 1995;Smith et al, 1997;Smith, 1999), whereas both UDP-Glc and ADP-Glc have been reported as precursors for starch biosynthesis in red alga (Viola et al, 2001).…”

Section: Identification Of Candidate Genes In Starch and Floridoside mentioning

confidence: 99%

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

et al. 2004

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When we think of extremophiles, organisms adapted to extreme environments, prokaryotes come to mind first. However, the unicellular red micro-alga Galdieria sulphuraria (Cyanidiales) is a eukaryote that can represent up to 90% of the biomass in extreme habitats such as hot sulfur springs with pH values of 0-4 and temperatures of up to 56°C. This red alga thrives autotrophically as well as heterotrophically on more than 50 different carbon sources, including a number of rare sugars and sugar alcohols. This biochemical versatility suggests a large repertoire of metabolic enzymes, rivaled by few organisms and a potentially rich source of thermo-stable enzymes for biotechnology. The temperatures under which this organism carries out photosynthesis are at the high end of the range for this process, making G. sulphuraria a valuable model for physical studies on the photosynthetic apparatus. In addition, the gene sequences of this living fossil reveal much about the evolution of modern eukaryotes. Finally, the alga tolerates high concentrations of toxic metal ions such as cadmium, mercury, aluminum, and nickel, suggesting potential application in bioremediation. To begin to explore the unique biology of G. sulphuraria, 5270 expressed sequence tags from two different cDNA libraries have been sequenced and annotated. Particular emphasis has been placed on the reconstruction of metabolic pathways present in this organism. For example, we provide evidence for (i) a complete pathway for lipid A biosynthesis; (ii) export of triose-phosphates from rhodoplasts; (iii) and absence of eukaryotic hexokinases. Sequence data and additional information are available at http://genomics.msu.edu/galdieria.

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Section: Identification Of Candidate Genes In Starch and Floridoside mentioning

confidence: 99%

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

et al. 2004

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“…Similar to starch, gelatinized floridean starch is easier to degrade than granules and requires the same procedure of starch degradation described above (Yu et al, 2002).…”

Section: Conversion Of Floridean To Glucosementioning

confidence: 99%

The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol

2016

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The production of fuels from biomass is categorized as first-, second-, or thirdgeneration depending upon the source of raw materials, either food crops, lignocellulosic material, or algal biomass, respectively. Thus far, the emphasis has been on using food crops creating several environmental problems. To overcome these problems, there is a shift toward bioenergy production from non-food sources. Algae, which store high amounts of carbohydrates, are a potential producer of raw materials for sustainable production of bioethanol. Algae store their carbohydrates in the form of food storage sugars and structural material. In general, algal food storage polysaccharides are composed of glucose subunits; however, they vary in the glycosidic bond that links the glucose molecules. In starch-type polysaccharides (starch, floridean starch, and glycogen), the glucose subunits are linked together by α-(1→4) and α-(1→6) glycosidic bonds. Laminarin-type polysaccharides (laminarin, chrysolaminarin, and paramylon) are made of glucose subunits that are linked together by β-(1→3) and β-(1→6) glycosidic bonds. In contrast to food storage polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides vary in composition and glycosidic bond. The industrial production of bioethanol from algae requires efficient hydrolysis and fermentation of different algal sugars. However, the hydrolysis of algal polysaccharides employs more enzymatic mixes in comparison to terrestrial plants. Similarly, algal fermentable sugars display more diversity than plants, and therefore more metabolic pathways are required to produce ethanol from these sugars. In general, the fermentation of glucose, galactose, and glucose isomers is carried out by wild-type strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zymomonas mobilis. In these strains, glucose enters glycolysis, where is it converted to pyruvate through either Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway or Entner-Doudoroff pathway. Other monosaccharides must be converted to fermentable sugars before entering glycolysis. In contrast, microbial wild-type strains are not capable of producing ethanol from alginate, and therefore the production of bioethanol from alginate was achieved by using genetically engineered microbial strains, which can simultaneously hydrolyze and ferment alginate to ethanol. In this review, we emphasize the enzymatic hydrolysis processes of different algal polysaccharides. Additionally, we highlight the major metabolic pathways that are employed to ferment different algal monosaccharides to ethanol.

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“…It could be a GH31 family a-glucosidase, such as a-glucosidase II (26) or glucan lyase that has low or no homology to those found in bacteria, fungi, and red algae. Furthermore, information on the roles of this pathway including the roles of metabolites AF, AG, and AG 6-phosphate on glycogen metabolism and the regulation of this pathway are fragmentary.…”

Section: Af and Ag Metabolism In Mammalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen catabolism

2008

IUBMB Life

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SummaryIn many living forms, glucose is stored in the polymeric form of glycogen and starch as a source of carbon and energy. Upon need, these polymers are broken down to their building block glucose in the presence of water and hydrolases, and glucose 1-phosphate in the presence of phosphate and phosphorylase. In the last decade, we established an alternative glycogen catabolic pathway, the so-called Anhydrofructose (AF) pathway, the description of which was approved by IUBMB in 2006. It is a pathway on the formation of an array of secondary metabolites from glycogen via the central intermediate 1,5-anhydro-Dfructose (AF). Furthermore, we demonstrated the occurrence of this pathway in both eukaryota and prokaryota. Metabolites of this pathway have been identified in mammals including humans. In this review, the physiological and molecular functions of these metabolites in the AF pathway as well as its regulation are discussed. IUBMBIUBMB Life, 60(12): 798-809, 2008

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Physico-chemical Characterization of Floridean Starch of Red Algae

Cited by 93 publications

References 27 publications

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

EST-analysis of the thermo-acidophilic red microalga Galdieriasulphuraria reveals potential for lipid A biosynthesis and unveils the pathway of carbon export from rhodoplasts

The Enzymatic Conversion of Major Algal and Cyanobacterial Carbohydrates to Bioethanol

The anhydrofructose pathway of glycogen catabolism

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