Physico-chemical characterization of IrO2–SnO2 sol-gel nanopowders for electrochemical applications

Ardizzone, S.; Bianchi, Claudia L.; Borgese, Laura; Cappelletti, G.; Locatelli, C.; Minguzzi, Alessandro; Rondinini, Sandra; Vertova, Alberto; Ricci, Pier Carlo; Cannas, Carla; Musinu, Anna Maria Giovanna

doi:10.1007/s10800-009-9895-1

Cited by 29 publications

(29 citation statements)

References 55 publications

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“…1a) the XRD pattern shows only the peaks of the SnO 2 cassiterite structure, indicating the formation of a SnO 2 -IrO 2 solid solution. 30 In the case of the two samples obtained by impregnation (IMP) ( Fig. 1b) and mechanical mixing (MM) (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…by CS), but is homogeneously dispersed into the tin oxide matrix, up to the extreme case in which a solid solution is formed. 30 The best case is offered by materials in which IrO 2 is purportedly added after the tin xerogel synthesis: much higher percentages (more than 10%) of ''useful'' Ir sites are shown in the case of materials obtained by both impregnation and mechanical mixing. As highlighted by XPS and XRD results, these materials show the highest surface concentration of iridium (see Table 1, Ir/Sn from XPS).…”

Section: Cyclic Voltammetry Of Powders Hosted In Cavity-microelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Designing materials by means of the cavity-microelectrode: the introduction of the quantitative rapid screening toward a highly efficient catalyst for water oxidation

et al. 2012

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In this paper, we introduce the concept and the methodology of quantitative rapid screening (QRS) of catalysts. It is based on the use of the cavity-microelectrode (C-ME), a tool that hosts a known amount of powder and can be filled and emptied quickly, thus allowing the quantitative, rapid, fine characterization of different materials. Here, C-MEs are used for selecting a suitable material to be used as electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (water oxidation) in acidic environment, a key process for the majority of the industrial electrolytic applications including the production of high purity hydrogen. A matrix of materials, each having the same low iridium oxide content, is quantitatively screened for finding the most promising one. C-MEs allowed us to measure the effective number of active Ir sites and their surface concentration. The success of this strategy is proven by the good performance of the ''best'' material when tested in a proton exchange membrane water electrolyzer, that allowed high hydrogen fluxes at a low cell potential ($4000 dm 3 h À1 m À2 at less than 1.9 V).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Cyclic Voltammetry Of Powders Hosted In Cavity-microelectrodesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Designing materials by means of the cavity-microelectrode: the introduction of the quantitative rapid screening toward a highly efficient catalyst for water oxidation

et al. 2012

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“…The Ti plates were further treated by immersing in a 10% aqueous oxalic acid solution at 80 C for 1 h. The solutions were deposited on the substrate with a glass capillary, dried in an oven at 80 C for 10 min and then calcined for 10 min at the chosen temperatures: 300 C for Co 3 O 4 and 500 C for IrO 2 , as reported. 14,15 The deposition-drying-calcination cycle was repeated until an approximate weight of 1 mg per cm 2 geometric area was obtained. The plates were then calcined again for 1 h at the same temperature.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dynamic potential–pH diagrams application to electrocatalysts for wateroxidation

et al. 2012

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The construction and use of ''dynamic potential-pH diagrams'' (DPPDs), that are intended to extend the usefulness of thermodynamic Pourbaix diagrams to include kinetic considerations is described. As an example, DPPDs are presented for the comparison of electrocatalysts for water oxidation, i.e., the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), an important electrochemical reaction because of its key role in energy conversion devices and biological systems (water electrolyses, photoelectrochemical water splitting, plant photosynthesis). The criteria for obtaining kinetic data are discussed and a 3-D diagram, which shows the heterogeneous electron transfer kinetics of an electrochemical system as a function of pH and applied potential is presented. DPPDs are given for four catalysts: IrO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , Co 3 O 4 electrodeposited in a phosphate medium (Co-Pi) and Pt, allowing a direct comparison of the activity of different electrode materials over a broad range of experimental conditions (pH, potential, current density). In addition, the experimental setup and the factors affecting the accurate collection and presentation of data (e.g., reference electrode system, correction of ohmic drops, bubble formation) are discussed.

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“…However, IrO2 is scarce and very expensive [11], adding significantly to the cost of the SPE electrolyser system. IrO2 has a service life of about 20 times longer than RuO2, but has a slightly lower electrocatalytic activity towards the OER [12]. Therefore it becomes important to improve the electrocatalytic activity of the IrO2 electrocatalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthesis and Optimisation of IrO2 Electrocatalysts by Adams Fusion Method for Solid Polymer Electrolyte Electrolysers

Maiyalagan

Pasupathi

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et al. 2012

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Felix, C., et al. (2012). Synthesis and optimisation of IrO2 electrocatalysts by Adams fusion method for solid polymer electrolyte electrolysers. MICRO AND NANOSYSTEMS, University Abstract: IrO2 as an anodic electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in solid polymer electrolyte (SPE) electrolysers was synthesised by adapting the Adams fusion method. Optimisation of the IrO2 electrocatalyst was achieved by varying the synthesis duration (0.5 -4 hours) and temperature (250 -500°C). The physical properties of the electrocatalysts were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and x-ray diffraction (XRD). Electrochemical characterisation of the electrocatalysts toward the OER was evaluated by chronoamperometry (CA). CA analysis revealed the best electrocatalytic activity towards the OER for IrO2 synthesised for 2 hours at 350 o C which displayed a better electrocatalytic activity than the commercial IrO2 electrocatalyst used in this study. XRD and TEM analyses revealed an increase in crystallinity and average particle size with increasing synthesis duration and temperature which accounted for the decreasing electrocatalytic activity. At 250°C the formation of an active IrO2 electrocatalyst was not favoured.

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Physico-chemical characterization of IrO2–SnO2 sol-gel nanopowders for electrochemical applications

Cited by 29 publications

References 55 publications

Designing materials by means of the cavity-microelectrode: the introduction of the quantitative rapid screening toward a highly efficient catalyst for water oxidation

Designing materials by means of the cavity-microelectrode: the introduction of the quantitative rapid screening toward a highly efficient catalyst for water oxidation

Dynamic potential–pH diagrams application to electrocatalysts for wateroxidation

Synthesis and Optimisation of IrO2 Electrocatalysts by Adams Fusion Method for Solid Polymer Electrolyte Electrolysers

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