Physico‐chemical characterization of littoral water of Lake Kivu (Southern basin, Central Africa) and use of water quality index to assess their anthropogenic disturbances

Abstract

Freshwater ecosystems provide many services such as moderation of the local microclimate and a source of water and food for riparian communities. It is also a

Physical characterization of the cage culture of Oreochromis niloticus L. 1758, in the Bukavu sub-basin on Lake Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

“…Lake Kivu is subdivided into four major basins (Degens et al 1973;Tietze et al 1980), namely the North Basin, East Basin of Idjwi Island, West Basin and the South Basin. In the latter, there are southern basin (area 108 km 2 ), which includes the Bukavu and Ishungu sub-basins (Hyangya et al 2021).…”

“…The cages were installed on the shoreline of the city of Bukavu, one of most populated cities in the region subject to high anthropogenic pressure and pollution (Basima et al 2006, Hyangya et al 2021, Bisimwa et al 2022). These activities discharge their wastes directly or indirectly into the littoral zone (Lina 2016) of the lake as the result in to reduce the bottom of littoral.…”

“…Lake Kivu is subdivided into four major basins (Degens et al 1973;Tietze et al 1980), namely the North Basin, East Basin of Idjwi Island, West Basin and the South Basin. In the latter, there are southern basin (area 108 km 2 ), which includes the Bukavu and Ishungu sub-basins (Hyangya et al 2021).Bukavu sub-basin is located between 28° 2′ 24″ and 28° 3′ 0″ South latitude, 2° 1′ 44.4″ and 2° 1′ 58.8″ East longitude (Kaningini 1995), forms a natural boundary between the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west and the Republic of Rwanda to the east (Descy et al 2012). It is surrounded by the Mitumba Mountains to the southwest, the Rwandan ridge and the Ruzizi River to the east and the northern basin of Lake Kivu (Masilya et al 2005).…”

Effects of cage fish (Oreochromis niloticus L. 1758) farming on the water quality in selected bays of the Bukavu basin, Lake Kivu, Democratic Republic of the Congo

“…The basin is situated between 28° 2′ 24″ and 28° 3′ 0″ South latitude, 2° 1′ 44.4″ and 2° 1′ 58.8″ East longitude and subdivided into ve bays, including: Nguba, Ndendere, Nyofu, Nyalukemba, and Bukavu (SNCC) (Kaningini 1995). Several socio-economic activities including agriculture, abattoirs, shing and landing sites, shipyards and ports, hospitals, markets, brewery, coffee and pharmaceutical industries are located and carried out in its catchment area (Basima et al 2006, Bisimwa 2009, Lina 2016, Hyangya et al 2021.…”

“…Following the government initiative, public and private partners have invested in the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromus niloticus) cage farming, one of the most farmed species worldwide with commercial production (Ronald et al 2014, Prabu et al 2019). The cages were installed in some bays of the Bukavu basin, around Bukavu Town, one of the most populated cities in the region and subject to high anthropogenic pressure and pollution (Basima et al 2006, Lina 2016, Hyangya et al 2021, Bisimwa et al 2022). Lake Kivu is also known for its volcanic origin, high level of methane and CO 2 concentrations, as well as its narrow and very steep slopes (Sarmento et al 2006, Sarmento et al 2008, Bolson et al 2021.…”