Physicochemical characterization and quantification of bioactive compounds ofAntrocaryon amazonicumfruits cultivated in Brazilian Amazonia

Abstract

In this study, we reported for the first time about the physicochemical characterization, as well as the bioactive compounds in the peel and pulp of A. amazonicum fruits of two varieties harvested in Northern Brazil (Pará State) from two harvest periods (beginning and end). The peel and pulp of A. amazonicum fruits presented high contents of water (75-89%) and total carbohydrates (5-12%), whereas low total energetic value ranges (41-92 kcal/100 g, wet basis). Regardless the variety of A. amazonicum fruits, phenolic compounds were the major bioactive compounds, and the peels accumulated high contents at the beginning of the harvest period (4884-6556 mg GAE/100 g, dry basis, db), and at the end for the pulps (1394-2855 mg GAE/100 g, db). The multivariate exploratory techniques evidenced that high contents of bioactive compounds are available in the peel at the beginning of the harvest period, while at the end for the pulps. Caracterización y cuantificación fisicoquímicas de compuestos bioactivos de los frutos de Antrocaryon amazonicum cultivados en la Amazonia brasileña RESUMEN En el presente estudio informamos por primera vez sobre la caracterización fisicoquímica y los compuestos bioactivos presentes en la cáscara y la pulpa de los frutos de A. amazonicum de dos variedades cosechadas en el norte del Brasil (estado de Pará) durante dos periodos de cosecha (principio y fin). La cáscara y la pulpa de los frutos de A. amazonicum muestran altos contenidos de agua (75-89%) y de carbohidratos totales (5-12%), mientras que los rangos de valor energético total son bajos (41-92 kcal/100 g, base húmeda). Independientemente de la variedad de frutos de A. amazonicum de que se trate, siempre los compuestos fenólicos son los principales compuestos bioactivos; las cáscaras acumulan altos contenidos de los mismos al principio del periodo de cosecha (4884-6556 mg GAE/100 g, base seca (db)), en tanto que las pulpas lo hacen al final (1394-2855 mg GAE/100 g, db). El uso de técnicas de exploración multivariantes permitió poner de manifiesto que se dispone de un alto contenido de compuestos bioactivos en la cáscara al principio del periodo de cosecha, mientras que al final tal contenido está disponible para las pulpas.

Antrocaryon amazonicum: An unexploited Amazonian fruit with high potential of scavenging reactive oxygen and nitrogen species

“…The highest contents of phenolic compounds were found in the peel of A. amazonicum fruits, from both harvest locations, with values varying from 1.4 to 2 times higher than those found in the pulps (Table 4). This trend was expected since peels of most fruits were reported to exhibit higher contents of secondary metabolites than their pulps (Ayala-Zavala et al, 2011;Barbosa et al, 2020).…”

“…The (Barbosa et al, 2020). The access to these fruits was registered in the Brazilian National System for the Management of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge (SisGen, A334963).…”

“…The A. amazonicum fruits were acquired at local open markets in the cities of Cametá (CMT; latitude 2 • 14′38″S and longitude 49 • 29′45″W) and São Caetano de Odivelas (SCO; latitude 0 • 45′0″S and longitude 48 • 1′12″W), Pará State, Brazil. The collected fruits were from different varieties: fruits from CMT show star-shaped form and those from SCO were rounded (Barbosa et al, 2020). The access to these fruits was registered in the Brazilian National System for the Management of Genetic Heritage and Associated Traditional Knowledge (SisGen, A334963).…”

“…Among these fruits, Antrocaryon amazonicum (Anacardiaceae), native to the Amazonia biome and found in the lower Amazon basin (Pará State, Brazil;Cavalcante, 2010), is highly appreciated by the local population to prepare juices, jams, ice-creams, and alcoholic beverages. In a recent study published by our research group, A. amazonicum fruits were characterized as medium acidic, with water (83-89%) and carbohydrates (5-13%) as the main constituents, followed by proteins (2.2-4.2%; Barbosa et al, 2020). In this same research, the total bioactive compound contents of A. amazonicum fruits were determined by spectrophotometry, and the fruit peels yielded higher contents of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and total carotenoids than fruit pulps, although both fruit parts can be considered high sources of total phenolic compounds (Barbosa et al, 2020).…”

“…In a recent study published by our research group, A. amazonicum fruits were characterized as medium acidic, with water (83-89%) and carbohydrates (5-13%) as the main constituents, followed by proteins (2.2-4.2%; Barbosa et al, 2020). In this same research, the total bioactive compound contents of A. amazonicum fruits were determined by spectrophotometry, and the fruit peels yielded higher contents of total phenolic compounds, total flavonoids, and total carotenoids than fruit pulps, although both fruit parts can be considered high sources of total phenolic compounds (Barbosa et al, 2020). However, to the best of our knowledge, the individual profile of the main bioactive compounds, namely carotenoids and phenolic compounds, as well as the antioxidant potential of A. amazonicum fruits to scavenge physiologically relevant ROS and RNS were not yet reported in the literature.…”