Physicochemical Characterization of Home-Made Soap from Waste-Used Frying Oils

Antonić, Bojan; Đorđević, Đani; Jančíková, Simona; Tremlová, Bohuslava; Kushkevych, Ivan

doi:10.3390/pr8101219

Cited by 21 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 47 publications

(52 reference statements)

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“…Most natural soaps create no toxic waste and byproducts and require a minimal amount of energy in the production process; thus, they are more compatible with nature ( Maotsela et al, 2019 ). Small manufacturers and households can easily produce natural soaps with simple and accessible ingredients ( Antonić et al, 2020 ).…”

Section: Common Ingredients Of Soapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impact of increased soap consumption during COVID-19 pandemic: Biodegradable soap production and sustainable packaging

Chirani

Kowsari

Teymourian

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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A year into the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, the role of washing hands with soap and hand disinfectants is unavoidable as a primary way to control the infection spread in communities and healthcare facilities. The extraordinary surge in demand for handwashing products has led to environmental concerns. Since soaps are complex mixtures of toxic and persistent active ingredients, the prudent option is to promote eco-friendly replacements for the current products. On the other hand, with the increase in soap packaging waste production, soap packaging waste management and recycling become essential to reduce environmental impact. This systematic review aimed to collect some recent methods for identifying biodegradable and sustainable raw materials to produce and package cleaning agents, especially soap.

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Section: Common Ingredients Of Soapmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental impact of increased soap consumption during COVID-19 pandemic: Biodegradable soap production and sustainable packaging

Chirani

Kowsari

Teymourian

et al. 2021

Science of The Total Environment

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“…Soap samples from rapeseed oil had higher MDA values for the samples R0 and R1 (2.09 and 2.58 µg/g, respectively) than for the samples made from fried oil with a higher TPM. The reason might be found in some reactions during and after the saponification process that have still not been studied [13]. Soap samples made from sunflower oil had values ranging from 4.46 (S1) to 6.61 µg/g (S5).…”

Section: Physicochemical Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…By some studies, soaps degrade up to 4 times faster than oils. This is mainly due to their higher accessibility to microorganisms [12,13]. In addition, supportive data come from the studies that include saponification as the one step in waste frying oil-rich wastewater treatment [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Literature findings are limited to just a few articles describing home-made soap production from waste frying oil, but with no clearly defined degradation level of fried oil from which the soap samples were made [13,15,16]. The study aim was to evaluate the quality of home-made soaps produced from waste frying oils, and to perceive the possible more environmentally friendly utilization.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reused Plant Fried Oil: A Case Study with Home-Made Soaps

et al. 2021

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The study aimed to analyze the possibility of waste frying oil utilization in home-made soap production. Soaps were made from unheated and fried rapeseed, sunflower and palm oils that had total polar material (TPM) values up to 24%. Physicochemical and microbial analyses were performed on produced samples to check their quality. The hardness increased with the degradation level of rapeseed and palm oils, and opposite findings were obtained for sunflower-made soaps. The highest malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were recorded for sunflower oil-made samples, with the maximum of 6.61 µg/g, and the lowest for the palm oil-made samples, with the maximum of 0.94 µg/g. The antimicrobial assessment showed no significant (p > 0.05) differences between control soap samples and soaps made of oils with the highest TPM value. Gram-positive bacteria (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: MRSA) were the most sensitive chosen microorganisms, compared to Gram-negative bacteria and yeasts. The obtained results did not show exact differences between experimentally produced soap samples from fried or not fried oils; these findings highlight the potential of home-made soap production from this byproduct.

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“…Dordevic’s teams developed the utilization of waste frying oils in home-made soap production. The results indicated that soaps produced from fried plant oils represent acceptable products from economic and environmental points of view [ 13 ]. Tremlova et al also found out the obtained results did not show exact differences between experimentally produced soap samples from fried or unfried oils [ 14 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

et al. 2021

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Fish scales (FSs) are fishery wastes that can cause environmental pollution. This study aimed to solve this environmental problem. FSs were used as a flame retardant for polymer materials, making them valuable. Fish scales were combined with a commercial flame retardant, ammonium polyphosphate (APP), through synergistic effects to reduce the amount of commercial flame retardant. The use of FSs conforms to the concept of a circular economy and lowers costs by reducing the consumption of APP. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), integral procedural decomposition temperature (IPDT), pyrolysis kinetics, limiting oxygen index (LOI), the Underwriters Laboratories 94 (UL94) flammability test, scanning election microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to determine the thermal properties, flame retardant properties, flame retardant mechanism, char morphology, and composition of the composites. The TGA results indicated that the addition of 40% flame retardant raised the char residue from 16.45 wt.% (pure EP) to 36.07 wt.%; IPDT from 685.6 °C (pure EP) to 1143.1°C; LOI from 21% (pure EP) to 30%; and UL94 classification from fail (pure EP) to V-0. These results suggest an increase in char residue, which indicates better protection of the polymer matrix material. The improvements in IPDT, LOI, and UL94 classification, which indicate greater thermal stability, lower flammability (from flammable to fireproof), and higher flammability rating (from fail to V-0), respectively, suggest that the composite material has favorable thermal properties and is less inflammable.

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Physicochemical Characterization of Home-Made Soap from Waste-Used Frying Oils

Cited by 21 publications

References 47 publications

Environmental impact of increased soap consumption during COVID-19 pandemic: Biodegradable soap production and sustainable packaging

Environmental impact of increased soap consumption during COVID-19 pandemic: Biodegradable soap production and sustainable packaging

Reused Plant Fried Oil: A Case Study with Home-Made Soaps

A Study on Circular Economy Material Using Fish Scales as a Natural Flame Retardant and the Properties of Its Composite Materials

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