“…Because of the relatively slow kinetics of oxygen generation and breakdown on most electrodes, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) considerably restricts the wide-ranging use of fuel cells [ 24 ]. In these applications, platinum (Pt)and its alloys are primarily employed as anodic and cathodic catalysts, but this metal is expensive and has a finite supply [ 25 , 26 ]. Consequently, Pt is a costly and scarce metal.…”