Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Anti‐proliferative Capacities of Dried Leaf and Its Extract from Xao tam phan (Paramignya trimera)

Abstract

Xao tam phan (Paramignya trimera) has been used for the treatment of cancer and cancer-like aliments. Among different parts of the P. trimera plant, leaf is considered as a residual part after harvesting of the root. This study aimed to determine the physiochemical properties and the antioxidant and anti-proliferative capacities of P. trimera leaf (PTL) using microwave drying for the preparation of dry sample; MeOH and microwave-assisted extraction for the preparation of crude extract; and freeze-drying for the preparation of powdered extract. The results showed that total phenolic, total flavonoid, proanthocyanidin, and saponin contents of PTL prepared by microwave drying at 450 W were 25.4 mg gallic acid equiv. (GAE), 86.3 mg rutin equiv. (RE), 5.6 mg catechin equiv. (CE), and 702.1 mg escin equiv. (EE) per gram dried sample, respectively. Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, ellagic acid, rutin, and quercetin were identified in the PTL MeOH extract. Dried PTL displayed potent antioxidant activity, while the powdered PTL extract exhibited great anti-proliferative capacity on various cancer cell lines including MiaPaCa-2 (pancreas), HT29 (colon), A2780 (ovarian), H460 (lung), A431 (skin), Du145 (prostate), BE2-C (neuroblastoma), MCF-7 (breast), MCF-10A (normal breast), and U87, SJ-G2, and SMA (glioblastoma). Anti-proliferative capacity on pancreatic cancer cells (MiaCaPa2, BxPc3, and CFPAC1) of PTL extract (200 μg/ml) was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than those of ostruthin (20 μg/ml) and gemcitabine (50 nm), and to be comparable to the powdered P. trimera root extract and a saponin-enriched extract from quillajia bark (a commercial product). The findings from this study allow us to conclude that the PTL is a rich source of phytochemicals that possess promising antioxidant and anti-proliferative activities, therefore it shows potential as lead compounds for application in the nutraceutical, medicinal and pharmaceutical industries.

Physicochemical Properties, Antioxidant and Cytotoxic Activities of Crude Extracts and Fractions from Phyllanthus amarus

“…Cell growth inhibition of the PA M extract achieved in this study was comparable to those of the extracts from E. robusta leaf [ 28 ] and maroon bush ( S. spinescens ) [ 38 ], but it was weaker than those from P. trimera root [ 4 ] and leaf [ 7 ]. Lee at el.…”

“…Low cytotoxicity on HPDE cells of the PA M fractions is a prominent advantage for further applications. The cell viability of HPDE cells treated with 100 μg/mL of the PA M extract found in this study (10.61%) was much lower than that treated with 100 μg/mL of S. paniculatum extract [ 39 ] (58%) but it was much higher than those treated with 100 μg/mL of methanol extracts from P. trimera root [ 4 ] and leaf [ 7 ] (2.4 and 2.2%, respectively). The PA M extract greatly affected cell growth of MiaPaCa2 and HPDE cells as it was rich in saponins, phenolics, flavonoids, and proanthocyanidins.…”

“…Therefore, fraction 6 should be purified and characterized in further studies. Cell viability of MiaPaCa2 cells treated with 200 μg/mL of the PA M extract in this study was much higher than those treated with 200 μg/mL of lilly pilly ( S. paniculatum ) extract [ 39 ] (about 23%), 200 μg/mL or water and methanol E. tirucalli extracts (approximately 30 and 7.0%, respectively) [ 37 ] and 200 μg/mL of methanol extracts from P. trimera root [ 4 ] and leaf [ 7 ] (4.2 and 6.6%, respectively).…”

“…Over the past 30 years, about 45% of all anticancer drugs have been derived directly or indirectly from plant compounds, of which 12% are natural products and 32% are semi-synthetic derivatives of natural related products, with a number of plant-sourced agents in currently clinical use for the treatment of various cancers, such as taxanes from the Taxus brevifolia tree, vinca alkaloids from the Catharanthus roseus leaves, camptothecin analogs from the Camptotheca acuminata tree, and podophyllotoxin analogs from the Podophyllum peltatum plants [ 7 ]. Some plant-derived anticancer agents have been used for the treatment of pancreatic cancer, such as irinotecan, docetaxel, paclitaxel, triptolide, and minnelide (semi-synthetic) [ 8 , 9 ].…”

Improving the Vanillin-Sulphuric Acid Method for Quantifying Total Saponins

“…However, the interfering effects of methanol were also seen ( Figure 2) when it was used to dissolve aescin to construct the standard curve. Therefore, the effects of methanol on the reagent blank, and the standard curve may explain why methanol extracts have often been observed to give higher TSC values than extracts derived from other solvents [26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33], and why the TSC values increase as the methanol concentration is increased [20,33].…”