Physicochemical Stability Study of the Morphine-Ropivacaine-Ziconotide Association in Implantable Pumps for Intrathecal Administration

A comprehensive review on ziconotide

“…Therefore, further research into state-dependent blockers and specific calcium channel sites appears promising for enhancing the therapeutic index of ziconotide and minimizing related undesirable effects [ [138] , [139] , [140] ]. Several articles have demonstrated the gratifying chemical stability of various mixed combinations of agents, including morphine, ropivacaine, and ziconotide in syringes or polyolefin infusion bags [ 109 , 141 ]. These findings offer valuable insights into the potential for combined drug administration and multimodal analgesia, making combination drug therapy a promising avenue for exploration in both novel drug development and clinical practice.…”