“…In recent years, machine learning (ML) based data-driven approaches have demonstrated successful applications in various engineering problems, such as solving partial differential equations [9,10,11,12], system or parameter identification [13,9,14,15,16,12,17], data-driven computational mechanics [18,19,20,21,22,2,23,24], reduced-order modeling [25,26,27,28,29,30,31], material design [32,33], etc. ML models, such as deep neural networks (DNNs), have emerged as a promising alternative for constitutive modeling due to their strong flexibility and capability in extracting complex features and patterns from data [34].…”