“…Students usually proposed claims without justifying them (Jiménez-Aleixandre et al, 2000, Sadler, 2004 or they proposed insufficient and inappropriate evidence (Bell & Linn, 2000;Chinn & Brewer, 2001;Choi et al, 2010;Heng et al, 2015;Jiménez-Aleixandre et al, 2000;McNeill & Krajcik, 2012;Moje et al, 2004;Sadler, 2004;Sandoval & Millwood, 2005). Also, students rarely used reasonings in the arguments they constructed (Chen et al, 2019;Hogan & Maglienti, 2001;Konstantinidou & Macagno, 2013;McNeill & Krajcik, 2007Moje et al, 2004;Sadler, 2004;Sampson et al, 2013;Songer & Gotwals, 2012;Vuola & Nousiainen, 2020). Moreover, their ability to construct rebuttals was limited (Chen et al, 2016;McNeill & Krajcik, 2012;Sandoval & Cam, 2011).…”