Physiochemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Selected Sachet Water in Jere and Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria

Abstract

The study involved the determination of some physiochemical and bacteriological properties in sachet-water samples taken within selected geopolitical wards in Jere and Maiduguri Metropolis. The purpose was to ascertain the quality of sachet water sold for consumption within the area. Ten samples were drawn, five from each study area. The samples were analysed for temperature, colour, turbidity, pH, conductivity, iron, total alkalinity and total dissolved solid. Bacteriological analysis was also carried out using multiple tube (most probable number) technique for enumeration of both total coliform count and differential Escherichia coli count. Other physical examination like volume, National Agency for Food and Drugs Administration and Control (NAFDAC) registration number, batch number, production date and expiry date were also examined. The results obtained were compared with World Health Organization (WHO), NAFDAC and Nigeria Standard of Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ). Variations were observed among the entire samples in comparison with the standard. Some of the parameters conform to the standard like the Tempreture, pH, colour, odour, iron content and NAFDAC registration number while others like TDS, total alkalinity and volumetric quantity fell below the standard. The bacteriological analysis also showed that 80% of the samples studied revealed the presence of coliforms. Hence, there is need for regulatory agencies like NAFDAC and Standard Organisation of Nigeria (SON) to intensify effort in the routine monitoring of quality of sachet water marketed for consumption.

Microbial contamination of packaged drinking water in Nigeria

“…Five (10%) of the studies reported assessing microbial contamination more than once [34–38] while the majority assessed this only once. Of the 52 included studies: two provided data on E. coli contamination only [39,40] eight assessed total coliforms only [34,37,41–46] sixteen assessed total coliforms and E. coli [10,35,36,47–59] fifteen characterised other bacteria in addition to E. coli [20,60–63]; total coliforms [38,64–66]; or total coliforms and E. coli [67–72] one study assessed TTC, total coliforms and E. coli [73] six other studies enumerated and characterised faecal coliform at 44–44.5°C within 48 h and we extracted the data as TTC [74,75], in addition to the total coliforms data reported [76–80]. two other studies also enumerated faecal coliform, however these were not characterised at the appropriate temperature [81,82].…”

“…Of the 45 articles that evaluated total coliforms contamination, six showed zero risk of contamination [49,57,59,74,77,78], three reported total coliforms contamination but did not quantify the number of positive samples or brands [39,69,76]; and the remaining 36 studies showed crude contamination prevalence ranging from 5.13 to 100%. Overall, five of the total coliforms articles reported counts of 1–10 MPN per 100 ml [41,47,65,67,81], 19 showed counts of 11–100 MPN per 100 ml [35,36,38,39,42,43,46,48,50,51,53,54,56,68,72,79,80,82,83], nine showed counts >100 MPN per 100 ml [34,52,55,58,69–71,73,76] while the remainder did not quantify the bacteria counts.…”

“…• two provided data on E. coli contamination only [39,40] • eight assessed total coliforms only [34,37,[41][42][43][44][45][46] • sixteen assessed total coliforms and E. coli [10,35,36,[47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59] • fifteen characterised other bacteria in addition to E. coli [20,[60][61][62][63]; total coliforms [38,[64][65][66]; or total coliforms and E. coli [67][68][69][70][71][72] • one study assessed TTC, total coliforms and E. coli [73] • six other studies enumerated and characterised faecal coliform at 44-44.5°C within 48 h and we extracted the data as TTC [74,75], in addition to the total coliforms data reported [76][77]…”

“…Specifically, six of the 38 FIB articles characterised TTC while the remaining enumerated E. coli. Of the FIB studies, 15 reported non-detectable levels of E. coli or TTC and therefore showed zero risk of faecal contamination [36,40,[47][48][49]57,59,70,72,74,75,77,78,80,83]; five reported FIB contamination but did not quantity the number of samples that tested positive [39,[67][68][69]76]; while the remaining 18 studies showed crude FIB contamination prevalence ranging from 2.17 to 89% [10,20,35,[50][51][52][53][54][55][56]58,[60][61][62][63]71,73,79]. Overall, three studies each showed FIB counts = 1-10 CFU/100 ml [41,50,51] and 11-100 CFU/100 ml [10,53,71] indicating a low to moderate risk of faecal contamination, respectively.…”

Sustainable manufacturing practices and performance of the Nigerian table water industry: a structural equation modeling approach

“…For instance, related studies on the subject matter were predominantly conducted in automobile, power generation, electrical and electronics, chemical and petroleum industries and outside Nigeria (Abdullah et al , 2017; Salwa et al , 2017). Other studies on TWI especially in Nigeria are mostly focused on a narrow spectrum of themes such microbiological and physicochemical qualities of the products (Alli et al , 2011; Edema et al , 2011; Muazu et al , 2012; Onilude et al , 2013; Aji et al , 2015; Bukar et al , 2015; Ikon et al , 2017).…”