Physiologic and Proteomic Evidence for a Role of Nitric Oxide in Biofilm Formation by
            <i>Nitrosomonas europaea</i>
            and Other Ammonia Oxidizers

Schmidt, Ingo; Steenbakkers, Peter J. M.; Camp, Huub J. M. Op den; Schmidt, Katrin; Jetten, Mike S. M.

doi:10.1128/jb.186.9.2781-2788.2004

Cited by 111 publications

(93 citation statements)

References 50 publications

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“…In transcriptomic experiments, the expression of some motility genes has been observed to be perturbed by exposure of cultures to sources of NO or nitrosative stress (imposed by S-nitrosothiols), although both positive and negative responses have been reported, and the regulators involved were not identified (Bourret et al, 2008;Constantinidou et al, 2006;Jarboe et al, 2008). In the nonpathogenic organism Nitrosomonas europaea, NO stimulates biofilm formation (Schmidt et al, 2004). In Azotobacter vinelandii, expression of the flhDC genes (which encode the master regulator of motility) is negatively regulated by the oxygen-sensor CydR, an orthologue of the E. coli FNR protein (León and Espín, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NsrR targets in the Escherichia coli genome: new insights into DNA sequence requirements for binding and a role for NsrR in the regulation of motility

Partridge

Bodenmiller

Humphrys

et al. 2009

Molecular Microbiology

129

133

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SummaryThe Escherichia coli NsrR protein is a nitric oxidesensitive repressor of transcription. The NsrRbinding site is predicted to comprise two copies of an 11 bp motif arranged as an inverted repeat with 1 bp spacing. By mutagenesis we confirmed that both 11 bp motifs are required for maximal NsrR repression of the ytfE promoter. We used chromatin immunoprecipitation and microarray analysis (ChIPchip) to show that NsrR binds to 62 sites close to the 5Ј ends of genes. Analysis of the ChIP-chip data suggested that a single 11 bp motif (with the consensus sequence AANATGCATTT) can function as an NsrR-binding site in vivo. NsrR binds to sites in the promoter regions of the fliAZY, fliLMNOPQR and mqsR-ygiT transcription units, which encode proteins involved in motility and biofilm development. Reporter fusion assays confirmed that NsrR negatively regulates the fliA and fliL promoters. A mutation in the predicted 11 bp NsrR-binding site in the fliA promoter impaired repression by NsrR and prevented detectable binding in vivo. Assays on softagar confirmed that NsrR is a negative regulator of motility in E. coli K12 and in a uropathogenic strain; surface attachment assays revealed decreased levels of attached growth in the absence of NsrR.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

NsrR targets in the Escherichia coli genome: new insights into DNA sequence requirements for binding and a role for NsrR in the regulation of motility

Partridge

Bodenmiller

Humphrys

et al. 2009

Molecular Microbiology

129

133

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“…Given that NO is able to induce dispersal of biofilms formed by several bacterial species, including P. aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholerae, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus licheniformis, Serratia marcescens, Legionella pneumophila, Nitrosomonas europaea, and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (23,(35)(36)(37)(38), a wealth of studies has been conducted in the last 5 years addressing the effectiveness of NO-based antibiofilm strategies. Several classes of NO-releasing compounds active in biofilm modulation have been found, whose properties were very recently reviewed by Barraud et al (39).…”

Section: Role Of C-di-gmp In Biofilm Formation and Dispersalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Origin and Impact of Nitric Oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

Cutruzzolà

Frankenberg‐Dinkel

2016

J Bacteriol

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bThe formation of the organized bacterial community called biofilm is a crucial event in bacterial physiology. Given that biofilms are often refractory to antibiotics and disinfectants to which planktonic bacteria are susceptible, their formation is also an industrially and medically relevant issue. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, a well-known human pathogen causing acute and chronic infections, is considered a model organism to study biofilms. A large number of environmental cues control biofilm dynamics in bacterial cells. In particular, the dispersal of individual cells from the biofilm requires metabolic and morphological reprogramming in which the second messenger bis-(3=-5=)-cyclic dimeric GMP (c-di-GMP) plays a central role. The diatomic gas nitric oxide (NO), a well-known signaling molecule in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes, is able to induce the dispersal of P. aeruginosa and other bacterial biofilms by lowering c-di-GMP levels. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms connecting NO sensing to the activation of c-di-GMP-specific phosphodiesterases in P. aeruginosa, ultimately leading to c-di-GMP decrease and biofilm dispersal. PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: A MODEL SYSTEM FOR BIOFILM RESEARCH

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“…Denitrifying bacteria possess nitric oxide reductases (Nor) that convert nitric oxide produced by nitrite reductase (Nir) to nitrous oxide. The ammonia oxidizer Nitrosomonas europaea also contains a Nor (5) and induces biofilm formation upon exposure to NO (44). A subfamily of Nor enzymes that oxidize quinols (qNor) is also found in pathogenic bacteria like Neisseria species (1, 24), the phototrophic nondenitrifier Synechocystis sp.…”

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confidence: 99%

A DNA Region Recognized by the Nitric Oxide-Responsive Transcriptional Activator NorR Is Conserved in β- and γ-Proteobacteria

et al. 2004

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The 54 -dependent regulator NorR activates transcription of target genes in response to nitric oxide (NO) or NO-generating agents. In Ralstonia eutropha H16, NorR activates transcription of the dicistronic norAB operon that encodes NorA, a protein of unknown function, and NorB, a nitric oxide reductase. A constitutively activating NorR derivative (NorR), in which the N-terminal signaling domain was replaced by MalE, specifically bound to the norAB upstream region as revealed by gel retardation analysis. Within a 73-bp DNA segment protected by MalE-NorR in a DNase I footprint assay, three conserved inverted repeats, GGT-(N 7 )-ACC (where N is any base), that we consider to be NorR-binding boxes were identified. Mutations altering the spacing or the base sequence of these repeats resulted in an 80 to 90% decrease of transcriptional activation by wildtype NorR. Genome database analyses demonstrate that the GT-(N 7 )-AC core of the inverted repeat is found in several proteobacteria upstream of gene loci encoding proteins of nitric oxide metabolism, including nitric oxide reductase (NorB), flavorubredoxin (NorV), NO dioxygenase (Hmp), and hybrid cluster protein (Hcp).Bacteria have to cope with the harmful effects of free radicals that are produced as metabolic by-products or encountered in their environment. The key species superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and nitric oxide can damage DNA, lipids, and proteins. Consequently, bacteria have evolved sophisticated molecular mechanisms to sense free radicals and to activate protective systems. In Escherichia coli, OxyR and the SoxRS system regulate a number of oxidative stress proteins in response to hydrogen peroxide and superoxide, respectively (13). Both regulatory systems are also activated by nitric oxide (NO) or derived reactive nitrogen species (RNS) (16,22). However, specialized NO detoxification systems that appear to be controlled independently of OxyR and SoxRS exist. Several bacteria and fungi contain flavohemoglobins termed Hmp or Fhp that convert NO to nitrate by acting as NO dioxygenases (19,38). The flavorubredoxin NorV from E. coli catalyzes NO reduction under anaerobic and microaerobic conditions (17,20). Denitrifying bacteria possess nitric oxide reductases (Nor) that convert nitric oxide produced by nitrite reductase (Nir) to nitrous oxide. The ammonia oxidizer Nitrosomonas europaea also contains a Nor (5) and induces biofilm formation upon exposure to NO (44). A subfamily of Nor enzymes that oxidize quinols (qNor) is also found in pathogenic bacteria like Neisseria species (1, 24), the phototrophic nondenitrifier Synechocystis sp. strain PCC6803 (7), and the archaeon Pyrobaculum aerophilum (15).Apparently, RNS-sensing regulatory systems that control expression of NO-detoxifying enzymes in bacteria are diverse. Transcription of the NO dioxygenase gene hmp is derepressed upon inactivation of the oxygen sensor Fnr by RNS in E. coli (9), whereas transcription of hmp is activated by the RNS-

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Physiologic and Proteomic Evidence for a Role of Nitric Oxide in Biofilm Formation by Nitrosomonas europaea and Other Ammonia Oxidizers

Cited by 111 publications

References 50 publications

NsrR targets in the Escherichia coli genome: new insights into DNA sequence requirements for binding and a role for NsrR in the regulation of motility

NsrR targets in the Escherichia coli genome: new insights into DNA sequence requirements for binding and a role for NsrR in the regulation of motility

Origin and Impact of Nitric Oxide in Pseudomonas aeruginosa Biofilms

A DNA Region Recognized by the Nitric Oxide-Responsive Transcriptional Activator NorR Is Conserved in β- and γ-Proteobacteria

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