Physiologic changes of pregnancy: A review of the literature

Motosko, BS Catherine C.; Bieber, Amy Kalowitz; Pomeranz, Miriam Keltz; Stein, Jennifer A.; Martires, Kathryn J.

doi:10.1016/j.ijwd.2017.09.003

Cited by 62 publications

(50 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…One of the areas most affected by pregnancy changes is the genitals (i.e., hyperpigmentation, volva skin stretch, striae on volva, mucosal changes, etc.) [ 18 ]. Both BI dissatisfaction and poor GSI can indirectly cause stress and anxiety and affect sexual function [ 40 , 41 ], and subsequently, engender SD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing stress, anxiety, and depression among Iranian pregnant women: the role of sexual distress and genital self-image

Keramat

Malary

Moosazadeh

et al. 2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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Background Pregnancy is a unique period with the increased likelihood of psychological changes and emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety, and stress. In this study, we investigated the factors influencing depression, anxiety, and stress in pregnancy and identify their associations with Sexual Distress (SD) and Genital Self-Image (GSI). Methods This was a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study performed using the two-stage cluster sampling method between September 2019 and January 2020. Overall, 295 pregnant women completed a demographics and obstetric information checklist, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSI), and Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R). Results Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) showed significant differences in the mean scores of SD between the groups with varying degrees of depression, anxiety, and stress (P < 0.001) and in the mean score of GSI between the groups with varying degrees of depression (P = 0.01) and anxiety (P < 0.001). In multivariate linear regression analysis, higher (worse) depression, anxiety, and stress scores were found in women with more advanced age and higher SD scores; however, these scores were lower (better) in those with increased gestational age. Lower depression and anxiety scores were associated with moderate satisfaction with income, moderate satisfaction with BI in pregnancy, and lower stress and depression scores were linked to planned pregnancy. Higher (better) GSI score was a predictor of lower depression score, complication in a previous pregnancy was a predictor of higher stress score, and finally, fear of fetal abortion and being a housewife were predictors of a higher anxiety score. Conclusion Various factors contribute to the development of antenatal depression, anxiety, and stress. A positive correlation was found between SD and the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress, while a negative correlation was noted between GSI and the severity of depression and anxiety. Therefore, raising awareness regarding SD and GSI through screening and counseling sessions can have beneficial effects for mothers and their fetuses.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors influencing stress, anxiety, and depression among Iranian pregnant women: the role of sexual distress and genital self-image

Keramat

Malary

Moosazadeh

et al. 2021

BMC Pregnancy Childbirth

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show abstract

“…Nonetheless, we encourage future studies to use a longitudinal approach to investigate the above processes in detail. In addition, the putative role of hormones and the immune system in the observed phenomena, that was not addressed by our study, might significantly affect women’s skin pigmentation and vasculature and cause other dermatological changes [ 59 , 60 , 61 ]. Indeed, skin condition is widely recognized as an important determinant of facial attractiveness (reviewed in [ 52 ]).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Shifts in Female Facial Attractiveness during Pregnancy

Danel

Kalinowski

Nowak‐Szczepanska

et al. 2020

IJERPH

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It has been proposed that women’s physical attractiveness is a cue to temporal changes in fertility. If this is the case, we should observe shifts in attractiveness during pregnancy—a unique physiological state of temporal infertility. The aim of this study was to examine how women’s facial attractiveness changes during the subsequent trimesters of pregnancy and how it compares to that of nonpregnant women. Sixty-six pictures of pregnant women (22 pictures per trimester) and 22 of nonpregnant women (a control group) were used to generate four composite portraits, which were subsequently assessed for facial attractiveness by 117 heterosexual men. The results show considerable differences between facial attractiveness ratings depending on the status and progress of pregnancy. Nonpregnant women were perceived as the most attractive, and the attractiveness scores of pregnant women decreased throughout the course of pregnancy. Our findings show that facial attractiveness can be influenced by pregnancy and that gestation, even at its early stages, affects facial attractiveness. Considerable changes in women’s physiology that occur during pregnancy may be responsible for the observed effects.

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“…One of the areas most affected by pregnancy changes is the genitals (i.e., hyperpigmentation, volva skin stretch, striae on volva, mucosal changes, etc.) [18]. Both BI dissatisfaction and poor GSI can indirectly cause stress and anxiety and affect sexual function [35,36], and subsequently, engender SD.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the study by Earle, pregnant women expressed concerns regarding how they would look as their pregnancy advances, which parts of their body would change, and how hard it would be to get back to their pre-gestational body shape [17]. The genital area is one of the most important areas of the body that undergoes different changes during pregnancy [18]. It has been found that BI perception levels decline during pregnancy [16].…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Influencing Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Iranian Pregnant Women: The Role of Sexual Distress and Genital Self-image

Keramat

Malary

Moosazadeh

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Background: Pregnancy is a unique period with the increased likelihood of psychological changes and emotional disturbances such as depression, anxiety, and stress. In this study, we investigated the factors influencing depression, anxiety, and stress in pregnancy and identify their associations with Sexual Distress (SD) and Genital Self-Image(GSI). Methods: This was a descriptive, correlational, cross-sectional study performed between September 2019 and January 2020. Overall, 295 pregnant women completed a demographics and obstetric information checklist, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 (DASS-21), Female Genital Self-Image Scale (FGSI), and Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R).Results: The mean score of SD was significantly associated with the severity of depression, anxiety, and stress. Also, the mean score of GSI was negatively correlated with the severity of depression and anxiety. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that the risk factors for depression include SD, fear of fetal abortion, bad experience in previous pregnancy, poor GSI, and advancing age, whereas satisfaction with income was a protective factor. SD, fear of fetal abortion, and increased duration of marriage were found to be associated with the development of anxiety symptoms, whereas satisfaction with income, positive body image, and increased gestational age had a protective effect against this variable. SD, adverse events in previous pregnancies, and advancing age were the risk factors, while planned pregnancy and increased gestational age were the protective factors against developing stress during pregnancy. Conclusion: Many factors influence the development of depression, anxiety and stress in pregnancy, which may be different or common. Some of these factors are avoidable and some are not. Therefore, considering all the factors comprehensively with emphasis on the improvement of preventable factors by screening and counseling can be useful for mothers and their fetuses.

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Physiologic changes of pregnancy: A review of the literature

Cited by 62 publications

References 21 publications

Factors influencing stress, anxiety, and depression among Iranian pregnant women: the role of sexual distress and genital self-image

Factors influencing stress, anxiety, and depression among Iranian pregnant women: the role of sexual distress and genital self-image

Shifts in Female Facial Attractiveness during Pregnancy

Factors Influencing Stress, Anxiety, and Depression Among Iranian Pregnant Women: The Role of Sexual Distress and Genital Self-image

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