Physiologic effects of carbon dioxide water baths on alveolar carbon dioxide tension, skin temperature, and respiratory metabolism

McClellan, Walter S.; Lessler, Milton A.; Doulin, Alice T.

doi:10.1016/0002-8703(45)90596-5

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) balneotherapy using hot springs containing free CO 2 at concentrations above 1 g·L -1 (ppm) (CO 2 -hot spring) has long been clinically applied to improve cardiovascular symptoms (Savin et al 1995;Toriyama et al 2002). The effects of percutaneously applied CO 2 -hot spring water on humans have been documented (Diji 1959;Schnizer et al 1985), and the list of effects now includes heart rate (HR) reduction, a slight decrease in blood pressure, and increased blood flow in the skin (Dorrance 1940;McClellan and Doulin 1944). Although CO 2 -hot springs contain various mineral ingredients depending on geographical location, the effects of CO 2 -hot spring baths appear to be attributable to the high-CO 2 concentrations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord transection inhibits HR reduction in anesthetized rats immersed in an artificial CO2-hot spring bath

Yamamoto

Hashimoto

2006

Int J Biometeorol

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Like humans, the heart rate (HR) of anesthetized rats immersed in CO 2 -water is lower than that when immersed in tap water at the same temperature. To investigate the afferent signal pathway in the mechanism of HR reduction, Wistar rats were anesthetized with urethane and then the spinal cord was transected between T 4 and T 5 . The animals were immersed up to the axilla in a bathtub of tap-water (CO 2 contents:10-20 mg·L -1 ) or of CO 2 -water (965-1400 mg·L -1 ) at 35°C while recording HR, arterial blood pressure, and arterial blood gas parameters (PaCO 2 , PaO 2 , pH). Arterial blood gas parameters did not change during immersion irrespective of CO 2 concentration of the bath water, whereas the HR was reduced in the CO 2 -water bath. The inhalation of CO 2 -mixed gas (5 % CO 2 , 20% O 2 , 75 % N 2 ) resulted in increased levels of blood gases and an increased HR during immersion in all types of water tested. The HR reduction observed in sham transected control animals immersed in CO 2 -water disappeared after subsequent spinal cord transection. These results show that the dominant afferent signal pathway to the brain, which is involved in inducing the reduced HR during immersion in CO 2 -water, is located in the neuronal route and not in the bloodstream.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Spinal cord transection inhibits HR reduction in anesthetized rats immersed in an artificial CO2-hot spring bath

Yamamoto

Hashimoto

2006

Int J Biometeorol

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“…CO 2 BALNEOTHERAPY USING HOT springs containing a high concentration [Ն1,000 parts/million (ppm)] of free carbon dioxide (CO 2 -hot spring) has long been applied clinically to improve cardiovascular symptoms in European countries. Records of clinical observations about the effects of CO 2 -hot spring baths on human subjects have been accumulated, and the list of effects now includes bradycardia, slight changes in blood pressure, and hyperemia of skin exposed to the spring water (6,21). Although CO 2 -hot springs contain many kinds of mineral ingredients, depending on geographical location, the effects of the above-mentioned CO 2 -hot spring bath appear to be attributable to the high-CO 2 concentrations.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Decrease in heart rates by artificial CO₂ hot spring bathing is inhibited by β₁-adrenoceptor blockade in anesthetized rats

Hashimoto¹,

Yamamoto²

2004

Journal of Applied Physiology

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To investigate the effects of carbon dioxide (CO2) hot spring baths on physiological functions, head-out immersion of urethane-anesthetized, fursheared male Wistar rats was performed. Animals were immersed in water (30 or 35 degrees C) with high-CO2 content ( approximately 1,000 parts/million; CO2-water). CO2-water for bathing was made by using an artificial spa maker with normal tap water and high-pressure CO2 from a gas cylinder. When a human foot was immersed for 10 min in the CO2-water at 35 degrees C, the immersed skin reddened, whereas skin color did not change in normal tap water at the same temperature. Arterial blood pressure, heart rate (HR), underwater skin tissue blood flow, and temperatures of the colon and immersed skin were continuously measured while animals were immersed in a bathtub of water for approximately 30 min at room temperature (26 degrees C). Immersed skin vascular resistance, computed from blood pressure and tissue blood flow, was significantly lower in the CO2-water bath than in tap water at 30 degrees C, but no differences were apparent at 35 degrees C. HR of rats in CO2-water was significantly slower than in tap water at 35 degrees C. Decreased HR in CO2-water was inhibited by infusion of atenolol (beta1-adrenoceptor blocker), but it was unaffected by atropine (muscarinic cholinoceptor blocker). Theses results suggest that bradycardia in CO2 hot spring bathing is caused by inhibition of the cardiac sympathetic innervation. This CO2-water maker should prove a useful device for acquiring physiological evidence of balneotherapy.

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“…Several studies have been conducted since the beginning of the twentieth century addressing the possible effects of CO 2 baths on the cardiovascular system (Diji 1959;Dorrance and McClellan 1940;McClellan et al 1944;Stein and Weinstein 1942). Most of them were observational, using crude evaluation methods for recording possible vascular or other effects.…”

Section: Studies Addressing the Effects Of Co 2 Balneotherapy And Carmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon dioxide balneotherapy and cardiovascular disease

et al. 2010

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Carbon dioxide (CO(2)) balneotherapy is a kind of remedy with a wide spectrum of applications which have been used since the Middle Ages. However, its potential use as an adjuvant therapeutic option in patients with cardiovascular disease is not yet fully clarified. We performed a thorough review of MEDLINE Database, EMBASE, ISI WEB of Knowledge, COCHRANE database and sites funded by balneotherapy centers across Europe in order to recognize relevant studies and aggregate evidence supporting the use of CO(2) baths in various cardiovascular diseases. The three main effects of CO(2) hydrotherapy during whole body or partial immersion, including decline in core temperature, an increase in cutaneous blood flow, and an elevation of the score on thermal sensation, are analyzed on a pathophysiology basis. Additionally, the indications and contra-indications of the method are presented in an evidence-based way, while the need for new methodologically sufficient studies examining the use of CO(2) baths in other cardiovascular substrates is discussed.

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Physiologic effects of carbon dioxide water baths on alveolar carbon dioxide tension, skin temperature, and respiratory metabolism

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Spinal cord transection inhibits HR reduction in anesthetized rats immersed in an artificial CO2-hot spring bath

Spinal cord transection inhibits HR reduction in anesthetized rats immersed in an artificial CO2-hot spring bath

Decrease in heart rates by artificial CO₂ hot spring bathing is inhibited by β₁-adrenoceptor blockade in anesthetized rats

Carbon dioxide balneotherapy and cardiovascular disease

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Physiologic effects of carbon dioxide water baths on alveolar carbon dioxide tension, skin temperature, and respiratory metabolism

Cited by 9 publications

References 8 publications

Spinal cord transection inhibits HR reduction in anesthetized rats immersed in an artificial CO2-hot spring bath

Spinal cord transection inhibits HR reduction in anesthetized rats immersed in an artificial CO2-hot spring bath

Decrease in heart rates by artificial CO2 hot spring bathing is inhibited by β1-adrenoceptor blockade in anesthetized rats

Carbon dioxide balneotherapy and cardiovascular disease

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Decrease in heart rates by artificial CO₂ hot spring bathing is inhibited by β₁-adrenoceptor blockade in anesthetized rats