Physiological and Biochemical Traits in Korean Pine Somatic Embryogenesis

Abstract

Korean pine broadleaf mixed forest is an important ecosystem for maintaining biodiversity in Northeast China. Korean pine is also an important species for the production of timber and nuts in the mountainous areas of Northeast China. In this study, we compared three types of Korean pine callus and found that embryogenic callus had high amounts of storage substances (protein, sugar and starch). Non-embryonic callus had high levels of polyphenols and polyphenol oxidation, while callus that lost somatic embryogenesis potential had lower levels of storage substances (protein, sugar and starch) and higher contents of peroxidase and catalase. These results indicate that high contents of storage substances (protein, sugar and starch), and low levels of polyphenols and polyphenol oxidase can be used as physiological markers of callus with somatic embryogenic potential. During the development process of Korean pine somatic embryos, fresh weight and dry weight gradually increased, while water content gradually decreased. Soluble protein, starch, soluble sugar and superoxide dismutase also increased during development, while peroxidase and catalase levels reduced over time. These results indicate that somatic embryogenesis involves energy storage, and antioxidant enzymes cooperate to regulate the occurrence and development of embryos. These results provide physiological markers for identification of embryogenic callus with somatic embryogenesis, to evaluate callus suitable for somatic embryogenesis, and provide basis for further research on the molecular mechanisms of somatic embryogenesis.

Physiological and biochemical changes during graft union formation in Carya illinoinensis

“…As expected, the average content of IAA and ZR on the graft interface of pecan was significantly higher than in the control at 14 -31 DAG, which was consistent with cambial growth and vascular differentiation (Mo et al 2017). The IAA response mainly occurred in the pericycle, while cytokinin acts both in the pericycle and vascular cambium, and it is the major hormonal factor in regulating cambial activity (Nieminen et al 2008, Melnyk et al 2018. Moreover, IAA and ZR content in the graft union sharply increased relative to those in the control at 14 -18 DAG, thus it seems that the two hormones have distinguishing but synergetic effects on improving cambial activity, which has been demonstrated by Immanen (2016).…”

“…As one of the main signalling molecules, indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) accumulation directly activates vascular differentiation and reconnection (Yin et al 2012, Melnyk et al 2018. Vessels and sieve tubes are normally differentiated from the vascular cambium, and cambial activity is largely regulated by cytokinins (Nieminen et al 2008, Aloni et al 2010. Studies on grafted apple have shown that abscisic acid (ABA) can effectively alter xylem development and reduce hydraulic conductance, which induces dwarfing Fazio 2011, 2015).…”

The Chemical Environment at Maturation Stage in Pinus spp. Somatic Embryogenesis: Implications in the Polyamine Profile of Somatic Embryos and Morphological Characteristics of the Developed Plantlets

“…(Yang et al, 2020). Scott et al (1995), studying the metabolism of maltose and sucrose in the embryogenesis of microspores isolated from Hordeum vulgare L., reported a higher assimilation of carbon in the culture medium, containing sucrose than in those containing maltose, probably because sucrose is well assimilated in both gymnosperms and angiosperms (Ameri et al, 2020;De Sousa et al, 2020;Peng et al, 2020;Shirin et al, 2020). However, different authors have shown controversial results; in this sense, Scott et al (1995) associated the induction of embryogenesis with lower rates of substrate accumulation obtained from culture media containing maltose, and Carrion Pereira et al (2019) described maltose as more efficient than sucrose to regenerate Urochloa brizantha cv.…”

Peroxidase Enzyme Fractions as Markers of Somatic Embryogenesis Capacities in Olive (Olea europaea L.)

“…Picholine Marocaine and Dahbia. In the case of other plant species, such as Cucurbita pepo , the embryogenic lines showed a POX activity approximately 20 times higher than that of the nonembryogenic line [ 56 ]. In Pinus koraiensis , the activities of POXs and catalase trended upward during early somatic development [ 57 ].…”