Physiological and Mechanical Methods for Designing Appropriate Training for Short – or Long – distance Competitive Swimmers

Abstract

ABSTRACT:The design of appropriate physical training involves several factors, including the need to evaluate the intensity of training. In order to identify the best training plan intervals for short and long distances in juvenile swimmers we compare the twospeed (2V) and T30 tests. We compare competitive 16 years old swimmers (n=35.22 men) that were evaluated anthropometrically and following biochemical and hematological parameters. The swimmers underwent both tests to determine the appropriate speed regime for endurance training. After speed test determination, different protocols were studied: 80x25m to 2x1000m, all over a 2.000m course. For each test and protocol, maximum heart rate and heart recovery frequency; effort perception; mechanical efficiency and lactacidemy were measured. Our results show a signifi cant difference in speed between tests 2V (1.36±0.12).and T30 (1.21 ± 0.12), We found a difference in the lactacidemy in most of the courses, except for the 200m course. In addition to the intensity demonstration, the importance of a complementary evaluation (heart frequency, mechanical effi ciency and effort perception) was demonstrated. We did not found sex difference in the studied parameters. This study showed signifi cant differences for the evaluation tests and protocols used to training design. Our data led to conclude that the use of 2V test with 40x50m and 20 x 100m series protocols are the best to evaluate the training velocity.Keywords: training, lactacidemy, evaluation, frequency, mechanical [75][76][77][78][79][80] Over the last decade the concentration of bloody lactate has been used with a purpose of controlling the effi ciency from the sportiest ones (BROOKS, 2001;DOMAGALA, 2001;HOLLMAN, 2001). The valorization of the prescription from the training with a base on the lactate is in the existent correlation among the lactate production, the energetic metabolism and the swimming speed. This roll is determinate by the capability from the athlete on using the metabolic via ones and anaerobic ones (HOLLMAN, 2001;JACINTA, 2000).Since the manifestation by Fletcher & Hopkins (1907) from the formation of the lactate during the muscular contraction, the mechanisms which control the production and removal of such metabolic during the exercise has been widely studied (AVLO-NOTOU, 1996; BONIFASI, 1996;CAREY, 2001;JUEL, 2001). On low intensity of strength, the concentration of bloody lactate is near to rest, enlarging progressively during the exercise. The threshold anaerobic is the point of exercise where the lactate is gathered quickly, due to a higher production of lactate's acid than the capacity of removal. Many times is considered the fi xed amount of 4mM as a point where the threshold lactate happens (GRANT, 2001;MARTIN, 2001;PYNE, 2001).During the intense exercise, the pyruvic acid and the NADH is gathered on the muscle, which result in an elevated relation NADH/NAD+, supporting the reduction of pyruvate by the lactate dehydrogenate building the lactate. The reaction feeling of enzyme is regu...