Physiological and Molecular Responses to Altered Sodium Intake in Rat Pregnancy

Abstract

BackgroundIn pregnancy, a high plasma volume maintains uteroplacental perfusion and prevents placental ischemia, a condition linked to elevated maternal blood pressure (BP). Reducing BP by increasing Na+ intake via plasma volume expansion appears contra‐intuitive. We hypothesize that an appropriate Na+ intake in pregnancy reduces maternal BP and adapts the renin‐angiotensin system in a pregnancy‐specific manner.Methods and Results BP was measured by implanted telemetry in Sprague‐Dawley rats before and throughout pregnancy. Pregnant and nonpregnant animals received either a normal‐salt (0.4%; NS), high‐salt (8%; HS), or low‐salt (0.01%; LS) diet, or HS (days 1–14) followed by LS (days 14–20) diet (HS/LS). Before delivery (day 20), animals were euthanized and organs collected. Food, water, and Na+ intake were monitored in metabolic cages, and urinary creatinine and Na+ were analyzed. Na+ intake and retention increased in pregnancy (NS, LS), leading to a positive Na+ balance (NS, LS). BP was stable during LS, but reduced in HS conditions in pregnancy. The renin‐angiotensin system was adapted as expected. Activating cleavage of α‐ and γ‐subunits of the renal epithelial Na+ channel and expression of‐full length medullary β‐subunits, accentuated further in all LS conditions, were upregulated in pregnancy.ConclusionsPregnancy led to Na+ retention adapted to dietary changes. HS exposure paradoxically reduced BP. Na+ uptake while only modestly linked to the renin‐angiotensin system is enhanced in the presence of posttranslational renal epithelial Na+ channel modifications. This suggests (1) storage of Na+ in pregnancy upon HS exposure, bridging periods of LS availability; and (2) that potentially non–renin‐angiotensin–related mechanisms participate in ENaC activation and consecutive Na+ retention.

Correlations of spot urinary sodium and potassium with blood pressure in pregnant women: A longitudinal study in Southern Thailand

“…Non‐significant fluctuations in the spot U[Na + ]/[Cr] ratios throughout the pregnancies and a weak negative correlation with BPs were found in our study, similar to the findings of a prospective cohort study from the Netherlands 21 . In an animal study, a high salt intake in pregnant rats was associated with lower nighttime BP 22 . These findings may be because sodium is retained by post‐translational activation of sodium transport and previous high salt intake bridging a consecutive period of low salt intake by maintaining a lower BP 23 .…”

Exploring the Role of Mediterranean and Westernized Diets and Their Main Nutrients in the Modulation of Oxidative Stress in the Placenta: A Narrative Review

“…In general, 3 g to 5 g of daily sodium intake is recommended [204]. Previous works have evidenced that high-salt diets (more than 5 g of sodium per day) have detrimental effects on the placenta, altering its metabolism, function, inflammation, hypoxia, and other pathogenic processes [205,206]. Beauséjour et al [207] also observed that pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats experienced a significant augmentation in oxidative stress markers in the placenta under increased sodium intake.…”