Physiological and muscle enzyme adaptations to two different intensities of swim training

Houston, Michael E.; Wilson, Daniel M.; Green, H. J.; Thomson, James A.; Ranney, D.

doi:10.1007/bf00423404

Cited by 30 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 14 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…However, it is doubtful if these athletes were completing each interval at a sprint intensity. A training study with swimmers also demonstrated similar increments in HAD and SDH enzyme activity through interval and continuous training (Houston et al 1981). Differences may have been apparent if either or both training regimens altered performance parameters like peak ,,"02 associated with tethered swimming.…”

Section: Oxidative Enzyme Response To Sprint Trainingmentioning

confidence: 70%

“…The reverse was true for ST fibre area which increased significantly from month 2 to month 6. Swim training for 6.5 weeks by elite swimmers, while increasing relative area of FTa fibres, did not produce absolute changes in area (Houston et al 1981). Thus, there is conflicting evidence as to which fibres and the sequence in which fibres are hypertrophied by endurance training.…”

Section: Contractile Properties and Fibre Proportionmentioning

confidence: 78%

“…Furthermore, swimmers demonstrated no significant differences in fibre area from untrained controls (Houston 1978). Absolute changes may not have occurred due to the elite nature of the swimmers or the short duration of the studies (Houston et al 1981;Jacobs et al 1987). Interestingly, increased circumference of muscles has been found to exist following sprint training, although ST and FT fibre hypertrophy was nonsignificant (Thorstensson et al 1975).…”

Section: Sprint Training Responsementioning

confidence: 96%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Acute and Chronic Responses of Skeletal Muscle to Endurance and Sprint Exercise

1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Skeletal muscle adapts to the stress of endurance and sprint exercise and training. There are 2 main types of skeletal muscle fibre--slow twitch (ST) and fast twitch (FTa, FTb, FTc). Exercise may produce transitions between FT and ST fibres. Sprint training has decreased the proportion of ST fibres and significantly increased the proportion of FTa fibres, while endurance training may convert FTb to FTa fibres, and increase the proportion of ST fibres (i.e. FTb----FTa----FTc----ST). However, the high proportion of ST fibres documented for elite endurance athletes may be simply the result of natural selection. ST fibres function predominantly during submaximal exercise, whereas FT fibres are recruited as exercise intensity approaches VO2max and/or glycogen stores are depleted. Long distance runners have greater ST and FT fibre areas than untrained controls. However, doubt remains as to whether the ST or FT fibre area is greatest in endurance athletes. Increases in FT fibre area seem to occur during the first 2 months of training whereas ST fibre areas appear to increase after 2 to 6 months of training. Sprint training leads to the preferential use of FT fibres and male, but not female sprinters have larger FT fibres than untrained controls. Mitochondrial proteins and oxidative enzymes, as opposed to VO2max, are important determinants of the duration of endurance exercise. Endurance training increases intramuscular glycogen stores in both FT and ST fibres and produces a 'glycogen-sparing' effect which is characterised by an increased free fatty acid (FFA) metabolism. The activity of glycogen synthase is also increased by endurance training. Sprint training increases glycogen concentrations similarly in all fibre types, reduces the rate of glycogen utilisation at submaximal workloads and allows supramaximal workloads to be maintained for longer periods of time. During endurance exercise the pattern of glycogen depletion varies between muscle fibre types and between muscle groups. Glycogen stores in ST fibres are utilised initially, followed by stores in FTa then FTb fibres. Sprint activities are associated with a much greater rate of glycogen depletion. However, it is unlikely that glycogen depletion causes fatigue during sprinting. Sprint work is associated with a preferential depletion of glycogen from FTb then FTa and ST fibres. Endurance training appears to increase triglyceride stores adjacent to mitochondria and ST fibres have greater triglyceride stores than FT fibres. Endurance exercise is associated with a preferential use of triglycerides from ST fibres and endogenous triglycerides may account for over 50% of the total lipid oxidised during exercise.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)

show abstract

Section: Oxidative Enzyme Response To Sprint Trainingmentioning

confidence: 70%

Section: Contractile Properties and Fibre Proportionmentioning

confidence: 78%

Section: Sprint Training Responsementioning

confidence: 96%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Acute and Chronic Responses of Skeletal Muscle to Endurance and Sprint Exercise

1990

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The systematic review by Nugent et al (2016) identified 4 HIT studies that were conducted on senior swimmers (Houston et al, 1981; Kame et al, 1990; Kilen et al, 2014; Termin and Pendergast, 2000). The studies ranged in duration from 6.5 weeks to 4 years.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Quality Versus Quantity Debate in Swimming: Perceptions and Training Practices of Expert Swimming Coaches

Nugent

Comyns

Warrington

2017

Journal of Human Kinetics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The debate over low-volume, high-intensity training versus high-volume, low-intensity training, commonly known as Quality versus Quantity, respectively, is a frequent topic of discussion among swimming coaches and academics. The aim of this study was to explore expert coaches’ perceptions of quality and quantity coaching philosophies in competitive swimming and to investigate their current training practices. A purposeful sample of 11 expert swimming coaches was recruited for this study. The study was a mixed methods design and involved each coach participating in 1 semi-structured interview and completing 1 closed-ended questionnaire. The main findings of this study were that coaches felt quality training programmes would lead to short term results for youth swimmers, but were in many cases more appropriate for senior swimmers. The coaches suggested that quantity training programmes built an aerobic base for youth swimmers, promoted technical development through a focus on slower swimming and helped to enhance recovery from training or competition. However, the coaches continuously suggested that quantity training programmes must be performed with good technique and they felt this was a misunderstood element. This study was a critical step towards gaining a richer and broader understanding on the debate over Quality versus Quantity training from an expert swimming coaches’ perspective which was not currently available in the research literature.

show abstract

“…However, most of them focused their attention in a single domain (energetics or biomechanical one). According to the literature, significant improvements in maximal oxygen consumption (Magel et al 1975;Houston et al 1981;Termin and Pendergast 2000), velocity at 4 mmol L -1 of lactate levels (Reis and Alves 2006;Robertson et al 2010) and lactate tolerance (Sharp et al 1984;Pyne et al 2001) were observed due to the training process. Changes in the biomechanical variables were observed as well.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Tracking the performance, energetics and biomechanics of international versus national level swimmers during a competitive season

et al. 2011

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The purpose of this study was to track and compare the changes of performance, energetic and biomechanical profiles of international (Int) and national (Nat) level swimmers during a season. Ten Portuguese male swimmers (four Int and six Nat level subjects) were evaluated on three different time periods (TP(1), TP(2), TP(3)) of the 2009-2010 season. Swimming performance was assessed based on official time's lists of the 200-m freestyle event. An incremental set of 7 × 200 m swims was applied to assess the energetic and biomechanical data. Measurements were made of: (1) velocity at the 4 mmol of lactate levels (V4), stroke index at V4 (SI@V4) and propelling efficiency at V4 (η (p)@V4), as energetic estimators; (2) stroke length at V4 (SL@V4) and stroke frequency at V4 (SF@V4), as biomechanical variables. The results demonstrated no significant variations in all variables throughout the season. The inter-group comparison pointed out higher values for Int swimmers, with statistical differences for the 200 m performance in all time periods. Near values of the statistical significance were demonstrated for the SI@V4 in TP(1) and TP(3). The tracking based on K values was high only for the SI@V4. It is concluded that a high stability can be observed for elite swimmers performance, energetic and biomechanical profiles throughout a single season. Int swimmers are able to maintain a higher energetic and biomechanical capacity than Nat ones at all times. The SI@V4 may be used as an indicator of performance variation.

show abstract

Physiological and muscle enzyme adaptations to two different intensities of swim training

Cited by 30 publications

References 14 publications

Acute and Chronic Responses of Skeletal Muscle to Endurance and Sprint Exercise

Acute and Chronic Responses of Skeletal Muscle to Endurance and Sprint Exercise

Quality Versus Quantity Debate in Swimming: Perceptions and Training Practices of Expert Swimming Coaches

Tracking the performance, energetics and biomechanics of international versus national level swimmers during a competitive season

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About