Physiological Biochemistry-Combined Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Mechanism of Bacillus cereus G2 Improved Salt-Stress Tolerance of Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. Seedlings by Balancing Carbohydrate Metabolism

Abstract

Salt stress severely threatens the growth and productivity of Glycyrrhiza uralensis. Previous results found that Bacillus cereus G2 enhanced several carbohydrate contents in G. uralensis under salt stress. Here, we analyzed the changes in parameters related to growth, photosynthesis, carbohydrate transformation, and the glycolysis Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas (EMP) pathway-tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle by G2 in G. uralensis under salt stress. Results showed that G2 helped G. uralensis-accumulating photosynthetic pigments during photosynthesis, which could further increase starch, sucrose, and fructose contents during carbohydrate transformation. Specifically, increased soluble starch synthase (SSS) activity caused to higher starch content, which could induce α-amylase (AM) and β-amylase (BM) activities; increased sucrose content due to the increase of sucrose synthase (SS) activity through upregulating the gene-encoding SS, which decreased cell osmotic potential, and consequently, induced invertase and gene-encoding α-glucosidase that decomposed sucrose to fructose, ultimately avoided further water loss; increased fructose content-required highly hexokinase (HK) activity to phosphorylate in G. uralensis, thereby providing sufficient substrate for EMP. However, G2 decreased phosphofructokinase (PFK) and pyruvate kinase (PK) activities during EMP. For inducing the TCA cycle to produce more energy, G2 increased PDH activity that enhanced CA content, which further increased isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH) activity and provided intermediate products for the G. uralensis TCA cycle under salt stress. In sum, G2 could improve photosynthetic efficiency and carbohydrate transformation to enhance carbohydrate products, thereby releasing more chemical energy stored in carbohydrates through the EMP pathway-TCA cycle, finally maintain normal life activities, and promote the growth of G. uralensis under salt stress.

Physio-biochemical and transcriptomic analysis of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens PG-4-induced salt stress tolerance in Macrotyloma uniflorum

“…PGPR can generate exopolysaccharides, which enhance soil structure, increase the availability of soil water, improving plant physiological characteristics, such as chlorophyll content, particularly under stress conditions (Tank and Saraf, 2010;ALKahtani et al, 2020). In recent years, researchers have gradually begun to study the effect of PGPR on plant molecular responses through the use of the transcriptome method, with the final objective of improving plant salt tolerance (Wang Y. et al, 2022;Xiao et al, 2022). The investigation of the transcriptome-wide response of M. uniflorum leaves revealed that PG-4-initiated salt tolerance is likely attributed to the regulation of several key biological processes, such as stress signaling components and regulators, plant hormone signal transduction and putative regulators of cell wall organization.…”

Soybean Oil Regulates the Fatty Acid Synthesis II System of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens LFB112 by Activating Acetyl-CoA Levels

“…One of the key steps in this process involves the conversion of pyruvate, a critical metabolic intermediate, into acetyl-CoA. This conversion is driven by the concerted action of two enzymes, pyruvate dehydrogenase and lactose dehydrogenase [ 46 ]. Once acetyl-CoA is formed, it is further processed through a series of additional metabolic reactions, including the action of acetate kinase and phosphotransferase, to ultimately produce acetic acid [ 47 ].…”

Transcriptomics Integrated with Metabolomics: Assessing the Central Metabolism of Different Cells after Cell Differentiation in Aureobasidium pullulans NG

“…Compared to the YL, most of the carbohydrates in the SCs were downregulated, while myo-inositol was significantly upregulated. Resistance to external stress through inositol upregulation in plant cells has been reported [ 34 ], as inositol acts as a precursor substance for a variety of important metabolites involved in a variety of physiological and biochemical processes, such as growth regulation, cell membrane formation, hormone regulation, programmed cell death, stress signaling, and cellular immunity, among other metabolic pathways [ 35 ]. In addition, it is noteworthy that the key genes in the glyoxylate cycle and dicarboxylic acid metabolic pathways were significantly upregulated in the carbohydrate metabolic pathway enriched by the SCs, while the key genes in the TCA cycle pathway were significantly downregulated.…”