Physiological Cartilage Tissue Engineering

Egli, Rainer J.; Wernike, E.; Grad, Sibylle; Luginbühl, Reto

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-386039-2.00002-x

Cited by 13 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 379 publications

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“…Successful cartilage repair should reduce pain, improve symptoms and long-term function, and prevent early osteoarthritis and subsequent total joint replacements by ultimately rebuilding hyaline cartilage instead of fibrous tissue (13,59,60). Current surgical treatments achieve less than optimal clinical outcomes.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Reversibly Immortalized Mouse Articular Chondrocytes Acquire Long-Term Proliferative Capability While Retaining Chondrogenic Phenotype

et al. 2015

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Cartilage tissue engineering holds great promise for treating cartilaginous pathologies including degenerative disorders and traumatic injuries. Effective cartilage regeneration requires an optimal combination of biomaterial scaffolds, chondrogenic seed cells, and biofactors. Obtaining sufficient chondrocytes remains a major challenge due to the limited proliferative capability of primary chondrocytes. Here we investigate if reversibly immortalized mouse articular chondrocytes (iMACs) acquire long-term proliferative capability while retaining the chondrogenic phenotype. Primary mouse articular chondrocytes (MACs) can be efficiently immortalized with a retroviral vector-expressing SV40 large T antigen flanked with Cre/loxP sites. iMACs exhibit long-term proliferation in culture, although the immortalization phenotype can be reversed by Cre recombinase. iMACs express the chondrocyte markers Col2a1 and aggrecan and produce chondroid matrix in micromass culture. iMACs form subcutaneous cartilaginous masses in athymic mice. Histologic analysis and chondroid matrix staining demonstrate that iMACs can survive, proliferate, and produce chondroid matrix. The chondrogenic growth factor BMP2 promotes iMACs to produce more mature chondroid matrix resembling mature articular cartilage. Taken together, our results demonstrate that iMACs acquire long-term proliferative capability without losing the intrinsic chondrogenic features of MACs. Thus, iMACs provide a valuable cellular platform to optimize biomaterial scaffolds for cartilage regeneration, to identify biofactors that promote the proliferation and differentiation of chondrogenic progenitors, and to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying chondrogenesis.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is noteworthy that numerous cell sources have been explored as potential seed cells for cartilage regeneration (13,14,42,55,57,59,60). MSCs have been induced to differentiate along the chondrogenic pathway using BMPs (61,64).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Reversibly Immortalized Mouse Articular Chondrocytes Acquire Long-Term Proliferative Capability While Retaining Chondrogenic Phenotype

et al. 2015

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“…In vivo NP cells may undergo shear strain, although this is likely to be negligible compared with the shear strain experienced by chondrocytes in cartilage (Schätti et al. 2011; Egli et al. 2011; Grad et al.…”

Section: The Nucleus Pulposusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Diversity of intervertebral disc cells: phenotype and function

et al. 2012

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The intervertebral disc (IVD) is a moderately moving joint that is located between the bony vertebrae and provides flexibility and load transmission throughout the spinal column. The disc is composed of different but interrelated tissues, including the central highly hydrated nucleus pulposus (NP), the surrounding elastic and fibrous annulus fibrosus (AF), and the cartilaginous endplate (CEP), which provides the connection to the vertebral bodies. Each of these tissues has a different function and consists of a specific matrix structure that is maintained by a cell population with distinct phenotype. Although the healthy IVD is able to balance the slow matrix turnover of synthesis and degradation, this balance is often disturbed, leading to degenerative disorders. Successful therapeutic management of IVD degeneration requires a profound understanding of the cellular and molecular characteristics of the functional IVD. Hence, the phenotype of IVD cells has been of significant interest from multiple perspectives, including development, growth, remodelling, degeneration and repair. One major challenge that complicates our understanding of the disc cells is that both the cellular phenotype and the extracellular matrix strongly depend on disc maturity and health and as a consequence are continuously evolving. This review delineates the diversity of the cell types found in the intervertebral disc, with emphasis on human, but with reference to other species. The cells of the NP appear rounded and express a proteoglycan‐rich matrix, whereas the more elongated AF cells are embedded in a collagen fibre matrix and the CEPs represent a layer of cartilage. Even though all disc cells have often been referred to as ‘intervertebral disc chondrocytes’, distinct phenotypical differences in comparison with articular chondrocytes exist and have been reported recently. The availability of more specific markers has also improved our understanding of progenitor cell differentiation towards an IVD cell phenotype. Ultimately, new cell‐ and tissue‐engineering approaches to regenerative therapies will only be successful if the specific characteristics of the individual tissues and their context in the function of the whole organ, are taken into consideration.

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“…Now many scaffolds are also modified to recreating an extracellular environment that is similar to that in vivo. [27] With the limited source of natural scaffold, synthetic materials have gained tremendous development in the recent years. Instead of using single-element material, such as collagen, silk or hydrogel scaffold in the past, now more and more studies tend to use combined materials to adjust an optimal mechanical strength or degradation for better in vivo tissue formation, like silk-fibrin/hyaluronic acid composite gels or silk fibroin-chitosan combination.…”

Section: Cartilage Tissue Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such combinations have also been used to create a 3-D structure with spatially-varying mechanical properties to mimic the native extra cellular matrix (ECM) composition. [27][28][29][30] Great progress has been achieved in cartilage tissue engineering during the past decades, however, some issues still remain in this area, for example the directed differentiation of stem cells, the simulation of actual physiological condition into the body, the integration of tissue engineered cartilage to the body, and so on. Growth factors have been found to be promising in the directed differentiation of stem cells.…”

Section: Cartilage Tissue Engineeringmentioning

confidence: 99%