Physiological change and nutritional requirement of Pacific white shrimpLitopenaeus vannameiat low salinity

Abstract

The Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is a euryhaline species with optimal salinity of 20-25 practical salinity unit (psu) for growth and survival, but has been cultured in inland water with salinity <5 psu worldwide. In the past decade, much research progress has been made on the physiological and nutritional requirements of white shrimp at low salinity. This study reviews the recent findings in the aspects of growth, survival, energy metabolism, stress resistance and immunity of white shrimp at low salinity and synthesizes recent research outcomes in nutritional requirements in an attempt to improve the shrimp performance in aquaculture at low salinity. The white shrimp at low salinity usually show slow growth, low immunity, high susceptibility to pathogens and high energy demand. The diet containing 30-36% protein, 15-20% carbohydrate and supplementations of potassium, sodium, vitamin E and C, free amino acids (glycine, alanine, proline and taurine), antioxidants and probiotics can improve shrimp growth and immunity at low salinity. The white shrimp has demonstrated the ability to synthesize DHA and EPA from LNA at low ambient salinity, but further studies are needed to further confirm this finding. Future research should focus on the understanding of physiological mechanism and adaptation associated with salinity change and nutritional manipulation. The specific dietary requirements of essential fatty acids, essential amino acids, vitamins and minerals and the nutrition-mediated immune response also warrant further study on shrimp at low salinity.

Effect of the dietary phosphatidylcholine at different growth stages of Pacific white shrimps,Litopenaeus vannamei

“…MDA and GST indexes were wildly used as biomarkers for oxidative damage tissues (Li, Liu, et al, 2015;Li, Wang, Chen, et al, 2015;Li, Wang, Song, et al, 2015). GST, as an important antioxidant enzyme, has the ability to scavenge free radicals and remove lipid peroxides and detoxify, which would be induced to increase by chemical contaminants, lipid metabolism and some pathological conditions (Xu et al, 2016;Zhang et al, 2013).…”

Peer Review #1 of "Modulation of stress response and productive performance of Litopenaeus vannamei through diet (v0.1)"

“…The high tolerance of L. vannamei to a wide range of salinity (1-50 psu), (Pante, 1990) makes this species an excellent candidate for culture under low salinity in inland farming, developed with the aim of decreasing shrimp epidemics and water pollution in some coastal areas (Li et al, 2017). However, salinity levels outside the optimal range and prolonged exposure could impose several physiological constraints that would in turn affect growth and survival.…”

“…However, salinity levels outside the optimal range and prolonged exposure could impose several physiological constraints that would in turn affect growth and survival. This is particularly the case for culture under low salinities, where hyper-osmoregulation implies high energy demand and therefore, nutritional requirements of shrimp grown at low salinities has been extensively studied (for reviews see Romano and Zheng, 2012;Li et al, 2017). Although, proteins plays an important role as energy source for osmoregulation, the benefits as enhancers of growth and survival at low salinity are controversial (Li et al, 2017).…”

“…This is particularly the case for culture under low salinities, where hyper-osmoregulation implies high energy demand and therefore, nutritional requirements of shrimp grown at low salinities has been extensively studied (for reviews see Romano and Zheng, 2012;Li et al, 2017). Although, proteins plays an important role as energy source for osmoregulation, the benefits as enhancers of growth and survival at low salinity are controversial (Li et al, 2017). In contrast, a sparing effect of protein could be suggested when intermediate levels of carbohydrates are included in shrimp diet at low salinity (Wang et al, 2104;.…”

“…There are a number of researches regarding shrimp response to prolonged exposure (chronic stress) to low salinity (Rosas et al, 2001a;Li et al, 2017) and/or temporary events (acute stress)…”