Physiological Considerations of Ultraendurance Performance

Kreider, Richard B.

doi:10.1123/ijsn.1.1.3

Cited by 75 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Studies have focused largely on the two most popular triathlon distances; the Olympic-distance triathlon (1.5-km swim, 40-km cycle, 10-km run), and the Ironman Triathlon (3.8-km swim, 180-km bike, 42.2-km run). However, since the duration of exercise is considerably dierent between the races (i.e., <2 h vs @8 h for elite triathletes), it may not always be appropriate to compare the results of Olympic-distance triathlon research to that involving ultraendurance triathletes (Kreider 1991;Langill and Rhodes, personal communication;Laursen and Rhodes 1999).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effects of 3000-m swimming on subsequent 3-h cycling performance: implications for ultraendurance triathletes

Laursen¹,

Rhodes²,

Langill³

2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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The purpose of this study was to examine the physiological effects of 3000-m swimming on subsequent 3-h cycling time trial performance in ultraendurance triathletes. Eight highly trained ultraendurance triathletes [mean (SEM) age 34 (2) years, body fat 12.5 (0.8)%, maximum oxygen consumption 63.2 (2.1) ml x kg(-1) x min(-1)] completed two randomly assigned trials 1 week apart. The swim/bike trial (SB) involved 3000 m of swimming [min:s 52:28 (1:48)] immediately followed by a 3-h cycling performance at a self-selected time-trial pace. The control trial (CON) consisted of an identical 3-h cycling time trial but without prior swimming. Subjects consumed an 8% carbohydrate (CHO)/electrolyte beverage during both trials at the rate of 60 g CHO x h(-1) and 1 l x h(-1). No significant differences were evident between CON and SB on the dependent measures (CON vs. SB): power output [W, 222 (14) W vs. 212 (13) W], heart rate [fc, 147 (5) beats x min(-1) vs. 143 (4) beats min(-1); %fcmax 80.0 (1.6)% vs. 78.4 (1.5)%], oxygen uptake [3.10 (0.12) l x min(-1) vs. 2.97 (0.15) l x min(-1)], minute ventilation [82.5 (4.4) l x min(-1) vs. 77.3 (3.7) l x min(-1)], rating of perceived exertion [14.6 (0.4) vs. 14.0 (0.1)], blood lactate [6.1 (0.5) mmol x l(-1) vs. 4.8 (0.5) mmol x l(-1)], and blood glucose [5.0 (0.2) mmol x l(-1) vs. 5.3 (0.1) mmol x l(-1); all non-significant at the P>0.05 level]. However, the CON respiratory exchange ratio was significantly greater than for SB [0.91 (0.01) vs. 0.89 (0.01); P<0.05], suggesting that the SB trial required a greater reliance on lipid as a fuel substrate. Hence, the main finding in the present study was that 3000 m of swimming had no significant performance effect (in terms of W) on subsequent 3-h cycling performance in ultraendurance triathletes.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 97%

The effects of 3000-m swimming on subsequent 3-h cycling performance: implications for ultraendurance triathletes

Laursen¹,

Rhodes²,

Langill³

2000

European Journal of Applied Physiology

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“…Maintaining an energy supply to meet the physiological demands of prolonged exercise is paramount to performance [4][5], and several strategies exist to accomplish this. Supercompensating muscle glycogen levels by carbohydrate (CHO) loading in the days prior to an endurance event can improve performance by 2-3% [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon

Mahon¹,

Hackett²,

Stott³

et al. 2014

AJSS

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Participation in ultra-endurance events such as mountain marathons is increasing, yet analysis of the nutritional intake and requirements of this group of athletes have received relatively little attention. This field study examined athletes' food intake prior to, and during a mountain marathon event to assess compliance with recommendations and to identify associations with performance. Nineteen male athletes competing in the Longmynd Hike (LH) completed a 7-day food diary in the week prior to the event and a weighed food inventory of all items consumed during the event. Despite reported intentions to increase carbohydrate (CHO) consumption in the week prior to the event, there was no significant change in consumption across the week. The mean daily CHO intake of 4.5 g/kg/d was below that recommended to effectively enhance glycogen stores. CHO and energy consumption prior to the event were positively associated with performance [energy (kJ/kg/d): r = .56, p = 0.03; CHO (g/kg/d): r = .54, p = 0.04]. Energy and CHO consumption during the event were also positively correlated with performance [energy (kJ/kg/h): r = .80, p < 0.001; CHO (g/kg/h): r = .75, p = 0.001)], despite most participants again failing to meet recommendations for intake. Further research is needed to determine reasons for non-compliance with nutritional guidelines and to investigate to what extent type and timing of macronutrient intake during such events impacts on performance.

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“…Hydration strategies must be individual [28] there are benchmarks: ACSM (2007 & 2016) established between 400-800 ml/h or 500 -2000 ml/h [14]. In the case of the revision, whereas articles that provided the ratio ml/h, [28] group of the slow, [35] which did not finish the UM, Wardenaar et al and Martinez et al did not meet recommendations, while [22,23,26,35,38,39] group of the rapids was between the appropriate limits.…”

Section: Hydrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…specific studies in Ultramarathon and [14] or the [15] established 4-6 kcal/kg/h. [16][17][18] were measured by indirect calorimetry and doubly labeled water energy expenditure at the Western States Endurance Run (WSER), it was 13000-16000 kcal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review of the Food Guidelines in Continuous Ultramarathon

Ms¹,

Mag²,

Slj³

2017

J Nutr Food Sci

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The ultramarathon is defined as an event whose distance is greater than a marathon. It requires not only a preparation on the endurance performance, but also of other more specific qualities such as orientation and climbing. This type of event has a minimum duration of 5 h up to 22 consecutive days or more. These characteristics influence in the preponderance of the energy system and consequently which nutrients will be necessary to intake and increase in order to replace them.The adequate nutritional planning is a fundamental tool to optimize the athlete's performance, replenishing nutrients and electrolytes and reducing fatigue during exerciseThe aim of the review is to determine dietary guidelines in continuous ultramarathons. The energy, macronutrient, vitamin, and mineral requirements will be increased according to the intensity and duration of the ultramarathon. The energy expenditure ranges from 350-650 kcal/h, determining a negative balance. The role of carbohydrates for its rapid energy replenishment and the role of lipids for multi-day events are distinguished. The recommendation of carbohydrates is 7-12 g/kg in order to achieve muscle glycogen repletion. Protein intake is 1.2-1.7 g/kg to prevent muscle damage and/or used it as an energy source in case of a poor energy supply. Hydration is crucial in prolonged events and especially in warm environments.Once the systematic review of nutritional guidelines in continuous ultra-marathon events has been performed, it has been found that athletes fail to meet nutritional and water recommendations. The cause of this fact is multifactorial (e.g., high energy depletions, inability to carry the totality of food with them, tiredness of the same flavors, hot environmental conditions..), but mainly due to gastrointestinal discomfort and lack of appetite. It is important to provide runners with not only accurate nutritional guidelines, but the correct way to accomplish them to finish the event and to prevent episodes that compromise their health.

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Physiological Considerations of Ultraendurance Performance

Cited by 75 publications

References 44 publications

The effects of 3000-m swimming on subsequent 3-h cycling performance: implications for ultraendurance triathletes

The effects of 3000-m swimming on subsequent 3-h cycling performance: implications for ultraendurance triathletes

Macronutrient Consumption Prior to, and during, a Mountain Marathon

Review of the Food Guidelines in Continuous Ultramarathon

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