Physiological correlates of learned helplessness in man.

Gatchel, Robert J.; Proctor, Janet D.

doi:10.1037/0021-843x.85.1.27

Cited by 90 publications

(59 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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Section: Neurognitive Framework Regulation Expectationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It also influences acute emotional experiences (Kirsch, 1985). Simply knowing that we have an adaptive response to the stressor available can reduce aversiveness, decrease anxiety prior to exposure to the stressful event and reduce anticipatory physiological arousal (Gatchel & Proctor, 1976).In this theoretical review we start from depression but take an essentially transdiagnostic approach and seek to integrate a diverse body of literature. Braver (2012) has recently developed a cognitive control framework distinguishing between proactive and reactive modes of control (the Dual Mechanisms of Control Framework).…”

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confidence: 99%

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The role of expectancy and proactive control in stress regulation: A neurocognitive framework for regulation expectation

Raedt

Hooley

2016

Clinical Psychology Review

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When confronted with stressful or emotionally arousing situations, regulatory abilities should allow us to adaptively cope. However, depressed individuals often have a low sense of perceived control and are characterized by a negative expectation bias regarding their ability to deal with future stressful events. Low expectancy concerning the ability to deal with future stressful events may result in less initiation of proactive control, a crucial mechanism of cognitive control reflecting sustained and anticipatory maintenance of goal-relevant information in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex to optimize cognitive performance. In this theoretical review we integrate a diverse body of literature. We argue that the expectancy of an individual's regulatory abilities prior to the presentation of an arousing event or stressful task will be related to anticipation and proactive up-or down regulation of specific neurocircuits before the actual encounter with the stressful event occurs, in a manner that can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Moreover, we discuss the important role of self-esteem as well as the ability to accept the situation when coping is not possible. Our approach has implications for a broad range of disorders and conditions in which stress regulation plays a role, and can be used to guide the use of recently developed clinical interventions, as well as to fine-tune interventions to facilitate proactive control. Cortex, stress regulation, anticipation, depression, proactive control, coping, self-esteem, When we are confronted with situations or thoughts perceived as unpleasant, aversive or threatening, a series of biological and psychological processes is activated, generating a coordinated response. This so-called stress response is triggered when an individual's well-being or health is threatened. Relational or financial problems, unpredictability, an acute threat, or a challenging situation such as a job interview are examples of stressful situations or stressors that can initiate a stress response. Regulatory abilities, which we call stress regulation, generally allow us to cope with these situations in an adaptive way. However, there are large individual differences in how well people handle life stressors. Indeed, problems with stress regulation are thought to play a central role in the development and clinical course of depression (Hooley, Orley & Teasdale, 1986;Hankin, 2008;Morris, Ciesla & Garber, 2010). It has also been suggested that, over time, depressive episodes can be triggered by progressively milder and milder stressors (Monroe & Harkness, 2005; but see also Anderson et al., 2016). Keywords: Dorsolateral PrefrontalResearch shows the important role of stress regulation in the development of different forms of psychopathology, such as depression, where psychosocial stressors are strongly implicated in the triggering of new episodes (Kendler et al., 2000).Understanding the role of stressors in depression requires consideration of the interaction between biological, cognitive ...

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Section: Neurognitive Framework Regulation Expectationmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The role of expectancy and proactive control in stress regulation: A neurocognitive framework for regulation expectation

Raedt

Hooley

2016

Clinical Psychology Review

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“…In the learned helplessness paradigm it is claimed that exposure to inescapable aversive stimuli produces a cross-modal effect; a cognitive deficit arising from an instrumental task (Hiroto &: Gatchel &: Proctor, 1976). Such a perspective can readily be applied to the perceived control paradigm.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perceived control in continuous loud noise

Jones¹,

Auburn²,

Chapman³

1982

Current Psychological Research

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The effects of two types of perceived control were assessed for performance during and following exposure to continuous loud noise at 90 dBC. Subjects performed a tracking task during exposure and the Stroop test in the period following exposure. Control could be effected either (1) by attenuating the intensity of the noise or (2) by reducing the difficulty of the tracking task. In both cases subjects were encouraged not to exercise control. Performance in treatments involving loud (90 dBC) and soft (55 dBC) noise served as baseline conditions. Perceived control of task difficulty accentuated the tendency for root-mean-square error to rise during the tracking task. There were no significant effects of noise intensi ty on tracking performance. Loud noise reduced the incidence of errors in the Stroop test but perceived control failed to influence this effect. The results are discussed in terms of the generality of perceived control phenomena.Contemporary accounts of the effects of environmental stress on performance emphasize the central mediating role of cognitive factors. Foremost among these factors is that of percei ved control which was first highlighted in a monograph by Glass and Singer (1972). They described a series of experiments showing that the post-exposure deficit in performance normally associated with loud noise is markedly attenuated when subjects are told that it is possible for them to terminate the noise. Moreover, in the absence of percei ved control the effect of loud noise is restricted to the post-exposure per l 0 da n d arises only with intermittent (particularly unsignalled) bursts of noise.The primary concern of the present study was to examine in an exploratory manner the generality of phenomena associated with perceived control as they apply to environmental noise. Our study addressed two issues: the first concerned the nature of performance changes during exposure, an analysis which is crucial for distinguishing between competing theories but which has received scant experimental 0144-3887/82/0202-111 $02.00

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“…The concept of control as a core construct in the theory of learned helplessness has received much attention (Langer, 1983). In this connection, quite a good number of investigators have documented learned helplessness in human beings (Bauer et al, 2003;Bodner & Mikulincer, 1998;Cemalcilar, Canbeyli, & Sunar, 2003;Fosco & Geer, 1971;Gatchel & Proctor, 1976;Glass & Singer, 1972;Hatfield & Job, 1998;Palker-Corell & Marcus, 2004).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%